tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-86641841923675994922024-03-13T09:36:18.050-07:00Criteria in essay writingEntrepreneur Topics Research Paperluzrobinson197737http://www.blogger.com/profile/17044670122145841346noreply@blogger.comBlogger62125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8664184192367599492.post-50603981347454208172020-09-03T00:52:00.001-07:002020-09-03T00:52:10.509-07:00Teenagers and Students Essay ExampleYoungsters and Students Essay Individuals in this gathering are small kids that are still at obligatory training which implies they won't need any enormous advances from bank to take care of any costs for example College expenses, despite the fact that their folks should set up an investment account for them for when they grow up. Their folks and watchmen will likewise bolster them so they ought to be liable for any of their budgetary needs. Adolescents and Students (17-22) Adolescents and understudies from the age of 17 to 22 are very not the same as the young youth. This is on the grounds that they are no longer at obligatory training and their money related requirements have expanded so their folks or gatekeepers may bolster them less monetarily, in light of the fact that they will be relied upon to find a new line of work. This implies they should open a ledger with the goal that when they do get in to the universe of work their pay can be paid straightforwardly to the record. There are bunches of money related administrations accessible to young people and understudies for example Mastercards, yet they probably won't be available to the entirety of the significant Visa organizations for example (Ace card, Visa, American express) since they don't have any record as a consumer so they should begin with an understudy charge card. We will compose a custom paper test on Teenagers and Students explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom article test on Teenagers and Students explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom article test on Teenagers and Students explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer A few people in this gathering will complete sixth structure/school and be hoping to go University and take their training to a next level however this in not modest so they may require a bank advance to pay for the University charges. Post-training/pre-families (23-30) Individuals in this gathering are youthful grown-ups that have recently completed college and hoping to begin a family. So this implies their money related necessities will be very incredible. This is on the grounds that individuals in this gathering will be taking care of understudy advances for their college charges. They may likewise need to get a home loan to purchase a house just to begin a family. The guardians may maybe open up a ledger to begin putting something aside for their childrens future college charges. Set up families (40-50) Set up families will be as yet taking care of their home loans and other money related obligations. Guardians in this stage will in any case be grinding away to continue supporting their family monetarily. Their children will be near the hour of going out so there guardians will be setting aside cash for their children college charges, in the event that they choose to proceed to promote training. Furthermore they may likewise need to begin pondering beginning disaster protection Develop family (50-60) Individuals in the develop family part are at an incredible phase where there kids will be moving out of the house and proceeding to advance instruction at college, this implies the guardians might be putting something aside for their childrens college expenses. During this a great time they ought to have paid off or be near taking care of their home loans and money related obligations, yet this all relies upon how high their pay is. Guardians in this life stage will consider life coverage so they should pay cash in to their extra security. Resigned retired people (60+) At this phase of their life they ought to have taken care of their home loans and other monetary administrations. Retired people are at a phase in their life where they don't have any enormous monetary duties. They might be paying for individual needs E.g. garments and food. This is on the grounds that during this a great time their kids will be unquestionably moved out of the house. Retired people are being bolstered budgetary by the legislature. Assignment 3 Presentation In task 3 I have been approached to structure and make a reality sheet that clarifies three diverse financial administrations accessible to two individuals at various life arranges, the individuals I will pick are Students and youthful families. Bank Services accessible for Students from Royal bank of Scotland and Barclays Bank Graduate current record A current record is utilized to hold assets for a person. The advantage of having a current record is that it is a simple method of adding enthusiasm to the cash that is in the record. Understudies will require a current record for some, reasons, similar to compensations and advantages can be taken care of in and covering bills can be made much simpler. This is on the grounds that cash can consequently place in and the bill will be naturally paid by means of direct charge. The record will likewise give enthusiasm on the parity will enable their cash to develop. The alumni eminences account is accessible for a long time and accompanies an intrigue let loose overdraft à ¯Ã¢ ¿Ã¢ ½2000. An overdraft is an assistance that empowers the record holder to pull back far beyond what they really have in the record. Overdrafts are just accessible to individuals beyond 18 years old. This administration will be suitable for youngsters since it is adaptability on those events when you may need to go through before your cash is paid in. This is likewise a groundwork for youngsters to deal with advances and Visas since it is the banks cash they are taking care of taking things down a notch. Understudy Credit from The regal Bank of Scotland A charge card permits clients to buy products on layaway. This implies the client won't need to pay for the great at the hour of the exchange. The banks advances the client cash by a charge card. This credit is sans intrigue for a brief period time (after which the APR is normally very high). The understudy Credit Card is intended for understudy life. It is a major discovery for understudies when they need all their fundamental needs. Food, garments and books. At the point when you include all the costs of understudy living it comes at a major cost. On the understudy Visa there is as long as 56 days intrigue free credit and this should come as uplifting news (if the client cover the equalization and one time and have covered the earlier months balance and on schedule) If not the loan fees will apply. The card is truly adaptable on the grounds that it tends to be overseen online from a PC or MAC to check adjusts and so on. Graduate advance from Barclays Bank An advance is the point at which a bank loans a client cash for a drawn out period. Loan fees differ contingent upon the total of cash taken out and the time taken to take care of it The alumni credit from Barclays bank is intended for understudies at college that are arriving at their look at college and preparing to graduate. Now in their life they are not so much money related favored so the alumni credit will enable the individual settle to down in their new life. The client can acquire up à ¯Ã¢ ¿Ã¢ ½10,000 and can apply for reimbursement terms as long as 60 months so this is great and adaptable for the person. Fixed financing costs so month to month reimbursements never show signs of change. Credit Amount Delegate APR Reimbursement Term* Month to month Repayment All out Payable à ¯Ã¢ ¿Ã¢ ½3,000 8.4% 60 months à ¯Ã¢ ¿Ã¢ ½62.38 à ¯Ã¢ ¿Ã¢ ½3,742.80 à ¯Ã¢ ¿Ã¢ ½5,000 8.4% 60 months à ¯Ã¢ ¿Ã¢ ½103.97 à ¯Ã¢ ¿Ã¢ ½6,238.20 à ¯Ã¢ ¿Ã¢ ½10,000 8.4% 60 months à ¯Ã¢ ¿Ã¢ ½207.93 à ¯Ã¢ ¿Ã¢ ½12,475.80 Bank Services accessible for Young Families at HSBC First time purchaser contract from Barclays bank A home loan is the exchange of an enthusiasm for property (or in law the identical a charge) to a bank as a security for an obligation typically an advance of cash. While a home loan in itself isn't an obligation, it is moneylenders security for an obligation. It is an exchange of an enthusiasm for land (or the proportional), from the proprietor to the home loan moneylender, depending on the prerequisite that this premium will be come back to the proprietor of the land when the provisions of the home loan have been fulfilled or performed. At the end of the day, the home loan is a security for the credit that the moneylender makes to the borrower. The first run through purchaser contract from Barclays bank is intended for individuals who are hoping to purchase their first home. So the first run through purchaser contract is intended to make this simple for the client. There is a multi year fixed rate contract so the client can spending better toward the beginning of their home loan. Home loan Loan fee Application charge What would i be able to obtain? Early Repayment Charge 2-year fixed rate 6.49% until 31/01/2010, at that point for the rest of the term BBBR + 0.95% right now 6.45%. The general expense for correlation is 6.8% APR à ¯Ã¢ ¿Ã¢ ½995 Up to 95% of the estimation of your home 3% of the parity reimbursed until 31/01/2010 2-year fixed rate 6.79% until 31/01/2010, at that point for the rest of the term BBBR + 0.95% as of now 6.45%. The general expense for correlation is 6.8% APR None Up to 95% of the estimation of your home 3% of the parity reimbursed until 31/01/2010 BBBR = Barclays Bank Base Rate. Mortgage holder advance from Barclays bank The mortgage holder advance is basically made for individuals that own a home and need to acquire somewhere in the range of à ¯Ã¢ ¿Ã¢ ½5000 and à ¯Ã¢ ¿Ã¢ ½100,000. The installments can be paid more than 25 years and the month to month outgoings could be decreased by half this is accomplished by spreading your new credit over a more drawn out term. By doing this, your general intrigue installments will increment. Platinum Credit Card from the imperial bank of Scotland The platinum charge card from the illustrious bank of Scotland is intended for individuals that are more than 25 and win more than à ¯Ã¢ ¿Ã¢ ½25,000 per year. This is clear the key charteristcs of a person in the youthful families life stage. The client can get 0% enthusiasm for 13 months from when they open their record and furthermore pay 0% enthusiasm on balance moves. Rundown Box The data contained in this table sums up key item includes and isn't expected to supplant any terms and conditions. APR Normal 13.9% APR (variable) Other Interest Rates Early on Rate Month to month Rate Yearly Rate Basic Compelling Buys 0% for 3 months 1.094% 13.128% p.a. 13.947% p.a. Equalization Transfers 0% for 13 months 1.094% 13.128% p.a. 13.947% luzrobinson197737http://www.blogger.com/profile/17044670122145841346noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8664184192367599492.post-20509209472588965102020-08-22T17:36:00.001-07:002020-08-22T17:36:40.279-07:00The Typical Diet of Sea OttersThe Typical Diet of Sea Otters Ocean otters live in the Pacific Ocean and are found in Russia, Alaska, Washington state and California. These fuzzy marine warm blooded creatures are one of just a couple of marine creatures knownâ to use devices to acquire their food. A Sea Otters Diet Ocean otters eat a wide assortment of prey, including marine spineless creatures, for example, echinoderms (ocean stars and ocean urchins), shellfish (e.g., crabs), cephalopods (e.g., squid), bivalvesâ (clams, mussels, abalone), gastropods (snails), and chitons. How Do Sea Otters Eat? Ocean otters get their food by plunging. Utilizing their webbed feet, which are all around adjusted for swimming, ocean otters can jump in excess of 200 feet and remain submerged for as long as 5 minutes. Ocean otters can detect prey utilizing their hairs. They additionally utilize their spry front paws to discover and get a handle on their prey. Ocean otters are one of the main mammalsâ that are been known to utilize instruments to acquire and eat their prey. They can utilize a stone to unstick mollusks and urchins from the stones where they are appended. Once at the surface, they frequently eat by setting the food on their stomachs, and afterward putting a stone on their stomachs and afterward crushing the go after the stone to open it and get at the substance inside. Prey Preferences Singular otters in a territory appear to have changed prey preferences.à A concentrate in California found that among an otter populace, various otters spent significant time in plunging at various profundities to discover distinctive prey things. There are profound jumping otters that eat benthic life forms, for example, urchins, crabs, and abalone, medium-plunging otters that search for shellfishes and worms and others that feed at the surface on living beings, for example, snails. These dietary inclinations may likewise make certain otters powerless to ailment. For instance, ocean otters eating snails in Monterey Bay show up bound to contract Toxoplama gondii, a parasite found in feline defecation. Capacity Compartments Ocean otters have free skin and loose pockets underneath their forelimbs. They can store additional food, and rocks utilized as devices, in these pockets. Effects on the Ecosystem Ocean otters have a high metabolic rate (that is, they utilize a high measure of vitality) that is 2-3 times that of different well evolved creatures their size. Ocean otters eat around 20-30% of their body weight every day. Otters weigh 35-90 pounds (guys gauge more than females). Thus, a 50-pound otter would need to eat around 10-15 pounds of food for every day. The food ocean otters eat can affect the whole biological system wherein they live. Ocean otters have been found to assume a critical job in the natural surroundings and marine life that possess a kelp backwoods. In a kelp timberland, ocean urchins can brush on the kelp and eat their holdfasts, bringing about deforesting the kelp from a region. Be that as it may, if ocean otters are inexhaustible, they eat ocean urchins and hold the urchin populace under tight restraints, which permits kelp to prosper. This, thusly, gives safe house to the ocean otter puppies and an assortment of other marine life, including fish. This permits other marine, and even earthbound creatures, to have bounteous measures of prey. Sources: Estes, J.A., Smith, N.S., and J.F. Palmisano. 1978. Ocean otter predation and network association in the Western Aleutian Islands, Alaska. Environment 59(4):822-833.Johnson, C.K.,à Tinker, M.T., Estes, J.A., Conrad, P.A., Staedler, M., Miller, M.A., Jessup, D.A. what's more, Mazet, J.A.K. 2009. Prey decision and living space use drive ocean otter pathogen presentation in an asset restricted beach front framework. Procedures of the National Academy of Sciences 106(7):2242-2247Laustsen, Paul. 2008. Alaskas Sea-Otter Decline Affects Health of Kelp Forests and Diet of Eagles. USGS.Newsome, S.D.,à M.T. Tinker, D.H. Monson, O.T. Oftedal, K. Ralls, M. Staedler, M.L. Fogel, and J.A. Estes.â 2009. Utilizing stable isotopes to explore singular eating routine specialization in California ocean otters (Enhydra lutris nereis) Ecology 90: 961-974.Righthand, J. 2011. Otters: The Picky Eaters of the Pacific. Smithsonian Magazine.Sea Otters. Vancouver Aquarium.The Marine Mammal Center. Creature Cl assification: Sea Otter. luzrobinson197737http://www.blogger.com/profile/17044670122145841346noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8664184192367599492.post-89740896382106050772020-08-21T15:18:00.001-07:002020-08-21T15:18:37.030-07:00Motivation of EmployeesPresentation The hypothesis of the board rose in the mid nineteenth century when Henri Fayol, a Frenchman, portrayed administration as agreeable incorporation of different capacities in an association so as to accomplish authoritative goals.Advertising We will compose a custom article test on Motivation of Employees explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More In early piece of the twentieth century, Mary Parker depicted administration as a craft of preparing individuals to perform explicit errands that convert into hierarchical objectives (Arthurs Busenitz 2003, p.150). In 1960, Douglas McGregor upset administration hypothesis by detailing speculations that depict two parts of the board, the X and Y speculations. In his hypotheses, McGregor hypothesized that inspiration of workers is integral to accomplishing hierarchical objectives. He perceived that, ââ¬Å"â⬠¦human capital and information are the most significant wellsprings of significant worth for the 21st century organizationâ⬠¦Ã¢â¬ (Kochan Orlikowski 2009, p.2). This view has incredibly changed the administration techniques and structures as far as HR and innovation. Thus, this paper investigates writing survey in regards to the development of McGregorââ¬â¢s X and Y hypotheses with the perspective on breaking down their significance to the 21st century supervisors. Hypothesis X Theory X hypothesizes tyrant style of the board, which accept that representatives can't work successfully and accomplish authoritative objectives except if the administration constrains them to do as such. McGregor set that ââ¬Å"conventional administrative suppositions of hypothesis X reflect basically an inverse and negative perspectives in particular, that representatives are languid, are unequipped for self-bearing and independent work conduct, have little to offer as far as hierarchical issue solvingâ⬠(Kopelman, Prottas Davis 2008, p.255). Hypothesis X expect that representatives are intrinsic ally languid in this way sees them as hierarchical costs that need steady observing and control so as to lessen misfortunes and increase most extreme advantages from them.Advertising Looking for paper on business financial aspects? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Another presumption of hypothesis X is that workers can't use their independence viably to profit association since they are not dependable; henceforth, they need legitimate administration to lead them. Further supposition holds that workers are not imaginative and will in general oppose authoritative changes that are basic for financial development. Because of these suspicions, definitive administration is basic in activating held representatives. In light of Maslowââ¬â¢s hypothesis, associations under the administration style of hypothesis X depend on the fulfillment of essential needs, for example, cash and different advantages in inspiration of their represe ntatives. As per Daniels, ââ¬Å"McGregor mentions that an order and control condition isn't compelling in light of the fact that it depends on the lower needs as a switches of inspiration, however in present day society those requirements are as of now fulfilled and subsequently never again are motivatorsâ⬠(2008, p.11). The board as indicated by hypothesis X only persuades representatives utilizing cash, which just fulfills the lower human needs leaving higher requirements that give raised and enduring inspiration. Along these lines, hypothesis X doesn't give palatable inspiration to the representatives for them to be gainful. Hypothesis Y Theory Y explains participative style of the executives that is exceptionally compelling in the administration of present day uber associations. The suppositions of this hypothesis are that representatives are important assets, viable work includes coordinated endeavors, joining of innovation with social frameworks upgrades work, and design ation of duties is basic in accomplishing authoritative objectives. As indicated by the main presumption, HR are priceless assets in an association that need advancement and inspiration. Appropriate inspiration of the representatives will improve their confidence and makes favorable condition where working becomes as intriguing as playing. In the subsequent supposition, hypothesis Y sets that information based frameworks support ââ¬Å"â⬠¦high levels of execution that must be accomplished by sorting out work in manners that permit laborers to use and develop their insight and aptitudes, while working cooperatively on various, impermanent tasks to achieve adaptable and inventive operationsâ⬠(Wubbolding 2002, p.3).Advertising We will compose a custom paper test on Motivation of Employees explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Coordination of frameworks in a way that upgrades purposeful endeavors would conveniently prompt the accomplishments of hierarchical ob jectives. The third supposition predicts that mix of innovation with social frameworks would altogether change the use of innovation in an association. The adequacy of innovation relies upon the coordination of HR and the physical piece of innovation coming about into feasible innovation that adequately drives the workforces for the association to understand its objectives. In the fourth presumption, assignment of duties by the top administration to the lower the executives levels upgrades profitability in the association. ââ¬Å"The normal man learns, under appropriate conditions, not exclusively to acknowledge yet in addition to look for obligation by utilizing innovativeness and minds in understanding authoritative problemsâ⬠(Deming 2007, p.9).This presumption perceives that representatives have capacities that are extremely essential in taking care of looming the board issues in that inspiration and assignment of duties upgrades their investment. Pertinence and Value of X- Y Theories Douglas McGregorââ¬â¢s X and Y speculations portray differentiating the executives styles of twentieth and 21st hundreds of years individually. Hypothesis X delineates twentieth century style of the board that depends intensely on definitive oversight of workers as this hypothesis expect that representatives are costs that need steady administration all together acknowledge hierarchical objectives. With respect to of laborers, hypothesis X is exceptionally poor since it just relies on cash and other material advantages to fulfill the requirements of the workers, which are the most minimal needs as per Maslowââ¬â¢s hypothesis. McGinnis cautions that, inspiration of workers utilizing the most reduced human needs isn't enduring and compelling in upgrading profitability of HR in an association (2006, p 22). The X hypothesis is pertinence to the 21st administrators since it demonstrates the degree of the executives the association is utilizing in the continuum of X-Y the executives levels. The most unfortunate administration style will in general move towards X while the best administration will in general move towards Y. Then again, hypothesis Y portrays participative style of the board that is extremely successful in the 21st century. This hypothesis acknowledges human work as significant asset that the association ought to create and extend through inspiration. As far as inspiration, this hypothesis attests that inspiration of representatives should involve fulfillment of most elevated needs as indicated by the Maslowââ¬â¢s theory.Advertising Searching for exposition on business financial matters? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More Gosling and Marturano contend that, ââ¬Å"the use of physical and mental endeavors in work is as normal as play or rest, and the normal person under appropriate conditions, learns not exclusively to acknowledge however to look for responsibilityâ⬠(2003, p. 7). Fulfillment of the most noteworthy needs, for example, confidence and self-realization would persuade representatives to be profoundly beneficial since work would be agreeable as play subsequently upgrading the estimations of imagination, duty, and obligation in representatives. End Management hypothesis has been creating over hundreds of years and chiefs have been pondering on what sort of the executives style can viably rouse workers and move associations towards accomplishing their objectives. Douglas McGregor planned X and Y speculations that portray differentiating the executives styles for the chiefs to see their degree of the board. Hypothesis X hypothesizes that representatives are naturally lethargic and a type of costs that needs consistent management for them to work viably for the association to accomplish its objectives. Interestingly, hypothesis Y hypothesizes that representatives are vital assets that associations ought to consistently streamline by persuading them. Inspiration involves fulfillment of most noteworthy human needs, confidence and self-completion as arranged in the Maslowââ¬â¢s hypothesis of chain of command of requirements. These hypotheses are applicable to the 21st century directors since they evaluate their degrees of the board and anticipate the exhibition of their associations. References Arthurs, D., Busenitz, L., 2003. The Boundaries and Limitations of Agency Theory and Stewardship Theory in the Venture Capitalist/Entrepreneur Relationship. Business person Theory and Practice, pp. 145-162. Bolden, R., Gosling, J., Marturano, A., 2003. Survey of Leadership Theory and Competency Frameworks. Community for Leadership Studies, pp. 1-44. Accessible from: http://bus iness-school.exeter.ac.uk/Daniels, T., 2008. Douglas McGregor: Theory X and Theory Y. Diary of Humanà Resources Management, pp. 1-25. Deming, W., 2007. Absolute Quality Management: Explanation of the Fourteen Points of Management. Hierarchical Management Level, pp. 1-11. Web. Kochan, T., Orlikowski, W., 2009. Past McGregorââ¬â¢s Theory Y: Human Capital and Knowledge in the 21st Century Organization. Human Resource Development Journal, pp. 1-24. Kopelman, R., Prottas, D., Davis, A., 2008. Douglas McGregorââ¬â¢s Theory X and Y: Toward a Construct-substantial Measure. Diary of Managerial Issues, 20(2), pp. 255-272. McGinnis, S., 2006. Authoritative Behavior and Management Thinking.à Organization Management Journal, pp.37-57. Wubbolding, R., 2002. Worker inspiration. Quality Manageme luzrobinson197737http://www.blogger.com/profile/17044670122145841346noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8664184192367599492.post-89047416383271190212020-06-06T07:29:00.001-07:002020-06-06T07:29:03.063-07:00Crime Scene Contamination Essay - 275 WordsCrime Scene Contamination (Essay Sample) Content: Everett JohnsonJO5252277CJ250CriminalisticsCJ250 Term PaperCriminologyQuestion 1: Crime Scene ContaminationCrime scene is a location where the forensic evidence of the offense may be found. As such, a crime scene inevitably comprises of areas that the police find physical evidence, and the criminal investigation personnel. Crime scenes should allow proper access to the victim, in other words, there should be no restriction for experts like forensic scientists in their endeavor for collecting relevant information. The aim of diagnosing a crime scene is to find evidence to present in a court of law against a suspect on trial.The issue and the notion of adulteration at the crime scene compromised by the police, in this case, could have been due to various reasons. As such, inefficient or not fully qualified police officer(s) would fail to undertake a professional criminal scenes analysis. This would result in difficulty of the real evidence restoration. The police might have been the prime suspects of the crime; thus, taking chances to contaminate the crime scenes with no proof of evidence at the crime scene of anyone being involved in crime committing.With contaminated crime scenes, it will lead to unsuccessful crime scene investigation; it will later end up having wrong results and not unmasking the truth. As such, this could lead to an innocent person at the trial instead of the real suspect who participated in the crime. While reviewing a crime scene with contaminated crime scenes, no exact proof is being found, and that might lead to incomplete procedures and the right information not found (Brown, Davenport, 2012). In addition to this, this misinterprets the result(s) found after undertaking the criminal investigation process.Question 2: Collection and Gathering of EvidenceThe collection process begins immediately after the crime scene has been noted and after proper documentation of the scene of a crime has been done (Brown, Davenport, 201 2). The immediate procedure of this process is to consider evidence objects that are delicate and easy to be lost.The obvious piece of evidence is the 9mm shell. As such, this is one of the major pieces of evidence. In this case, the crime could be unraveled by restoring back the shell to its initial position. If the evidence is inadvertently moved (for example, caught in the boot treads of an EMT), police would document the inadvertent moving of the evidence and recover it from its new location. The shell should be processed for fingerprints before being declared safe. Subsequently, it is then stored in a dry plastic bag.With prints collection that includes shoe impression and fingerprints and palm prints, there is a need for professional crime investigation procedure. Any item that does not move, such as the floor is diagnosed using black powder. A camera having high zooming power with detachable flash is used to capture the images of the prints while they are usually the core de terminers of successful crime investigation. Differences between the finger of the suspect and the victim should be identified. Trap in the bottom of the shower may yield seminal fluid of the victim if sexually assaulted and forced to shower, and even potential DNA and trace evidence from the body (autopsy).Question 3: Collection and Storage of EvidenceIn a typical sexual act, it is expected that a man should reach his sexual satisfaction by ejaculating sperm. In this scenario, sperm is being retrieved from the victim's private organs if the suspect had sex with the victim without any protection and ejaculated in her or even on the sheets. The nature of the encounter that was a forceful one, the probability is that he ejaculated into her vagina. Any fluid found should be stored safely for DNA examination. The visible hair found on the drained is packed in a document container for DNA analysis in order to determine the person whose hair was pulled. Saliva found on the black ski mask is retrieved and stored in a paper packet for DNA analysis.The emptied jewelry box is examined to know what type of jewelry was in the box, a photograph of latent fingerprints on the knob of the box is taken for crime investigation. Typically, latents are lifted using a powder and transferred to a card. As such, latents in unique evidence, for example, blood stained fingerprints would be photographed. With the dark blue Chevrolet Caprice leaving the crime scene abruptly and screeching tires leaving a long black tire track, there is a reason to match the tires threads in a suspectà ¢Ã¢â ¬s possession; this is possible provided enough of the pattern is transferred onto the asphalt. But with the spinning wheels, this is not usually the case. Before the collection of tire tracks is performed, one-to-one photography is done at the scene of the crime using a leveler, ruler, and tripod stand. It is done having the flash to a degree of 45 to the area surface containing impression.The ind ication of the phone cable being cut and marked with signs from a dull knife suggests the hideous intentions of the suspects. As such, this paints a picture that the suspects did not want the victim to communicate to anyone who could rescue her including the police. For this reason, their efforts to block the communication was to cut the mobile cable that they managed to do using a dull knife. This could have also been done to disarm a home alarm system as most alarms, use telephone lines to report any case of intrusion. Often the system fails and does not activate when cut by the perpetrator.Question 4: Evidence Documentation and PreservationThe unobvious pieces of proof that need(s) to be looked for assistance in the investigation could be the demographic information about the victim as well as the habits, lifestyle information, and history. They can be compiled to give an exquisite direction for investigation. These could be done by asking family members and close friends of the victim. A good profile of the victim could convey habits and routines that may aid investigators in determining the events of the crime and assist in determining a time of death. Interviews with witnesses who saw the crime can provide information about crime events that can later be compared with the physical evidence. Examinations can determine the type of data files contained in a computer of the victim, compare those files with known documents or archives, determine the time when and sequence in which files were created. Examination can also be used to extract files from computers and storage media (for example, flash disks, CDs), recover deleted files, convert file formats, search data files by keywords, recover passwords, and analyze and compare source codes. If the victim was active in social media, her last interactions could be examined. Consequently, if there are any interactions that would point to a potential(s) suspect(s) e.g. ex-boyfriend, former husband, co-worker, etc . could be more beneficial with the ongoing investigations.Documentation of the criminal evidence is a crucial procedure that must be undertaken by everyone conducting a criminal investigation activity. Without records, criminal officials have to depend on their memory while making decisions upon adjusting their criminal investigation practices; the human brain can be unreliable particularly after months or even years. Documenting of criminal evidence, assisting future reference to study the behavior and criminal trends is also imperative in crime investigation. Research has shown that criminals tend to adjust their criminal strategies with time and that their current strategies to commit crimes will say more about their future strategy. Documentation of the crime evidence is a professional act of crucial importance, which helps the police determine a critical analysis of crime activity in any given neighborhood.Question 5: Maintaining Proper Chain of Custody for Evidence GatheredSt andard work will help the judge in court during the trial session to access the documented criminal evidence and to be able to administer the right judgment to the suspects if found guilty. It is important for investigators to show that the evidence collected remained in police custody and was not tampered with since its collection.Preservation of criminal pieces of evidence such as photos of prints could be stored on compact discs with the correct order of proof occurrence and documenting the gunshot wound(s) of the victim. The evidence would help to know the position where the suspect fired the bullet; this could also explain the type of gun used for doing it (Chisum, Turvey, 2011). For movement reasons, to avoid contamination from happening, the hair threads collected from the drain are packed into plastic polyethene bags for not more than 60 minutes. Upon the arrival to a secure area, the hair threads are allowed to dry up. It is then transferred into a paper envelope. To have a lasting condition for evidence collected during medical forensic examination, every piece of evidence of the crime should be labeled with the name of the investigator who conducted the investigation. Right dates should be written on the specimen, and where it was retrieved from in that situation.The grounds on which a defense attorney could attack the credibility of any evidence gathered is when there is no proper chain of evidence custody collected at the scene of the crime.The same reason could be when there are conflicting statements from the witnesses, and the evidence obtained from the site of the crime is not well-defined.Question 6: Immediate AssessmentFrom my immediate assessment of the apartment, it is evident that the suspects forced their way in by ... luzrobinson197737http://www.blogger.com/profile/17044670122145841346noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8664184192367599492.post-31426973339356016082020-05-17T05:29:00.001-07:002020-05-17T05:29:08.721-07:00Industrial Revolution A Time Of Economic Success Although the Industrial Revolution is widely referred as a time of economic success, and very often benefited the rich. The Industrial Revolution occurred during the eighteenth century and was a time of innovation, but it is clear that present time has made several improvements, especially in working conditions. The working conditions were harsh and unlike the working conditions of present time child labor was very prevalent in the period of the Industrial Revolution, in addition to this there were low wages and almost no work safety as for present time, many laws and policies have been placed in order to ensure better working conditions. Mass production played a big role in the Industrial Revolution and its working conditions. The Industrial Revolution was a time of progress in terms of new machines and technology being used in manufacturing products. With a stronger demand for all kinds of products there was an even bigger demand for a larger workforce, which also varied in gender and age. Child labor was fairly common during this period; children were hired to perform some of the tasks the adults were unable to perform. Such as working in mines that involved small crawl areas or in textile factories where their small fingers could fix broken threads. Working conditions were not only harsh on children, but also for the adults. As a result of mass production, people often worked long hours with almost no rest. Consequently, these long working hours lead to accidents,Show MoreRelatedSuccesses And Failures Of The French Revolution And The Industrial Revolution1391 Words à |à 6 PagesFailures The French Revolution and the Industrial Revolution are both meaningful revolutions that altered the English and French citizens permanently during the end of the eighteenth century. They undoubtedly contrast in the ways in which they occurred and the reasons why they developed. However, both the French Revolution and Industrial Revolution have ways in which they succeeded as a revolution, as well as obvious failures. The Industrial Revolution and French Revolutions bittersweet consequencesRead MoreIndustrialization Of The Second Industrial Revolution1390 Words à |à 6 PagesThe Second Industrial Revolution, which reached its peak during 1870 to 1914, marked a significant turning point in American history. Before this era of progression and industrial excellence, America was on the verge of expansion like never before. From the vast amounts of land gained through the Annexation of Texas in 1845, the British retreating from Oregon in 1846, and the Mexican cession of Southwest terri tory guaranteed by the treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo of 1848, (Engelman) America was ableRead MoreThe Decline Of The Industrial Revolution1462 Words à |à 6 Pageswhat factors played into such a drastic shift in the global economy from 1500. Previously China had been at the heart of the international trade yet it did not industrialise first. The economic and societal transformations which occurred in Britain in the period spanning 1770 to 1900 resulted in the formation of the modern capitalist economy. A model replicated in other parts of the world through replication, in the US for instance or forcibly implemented on the population, for example Russia inRead MoreThe Rise Of The Industrial Revolution Essay1160 Words à |à 5 PagesA revolution is a ââ¬Å"sudden, extreme, or complete change in the way people live, work, etc.â⬠(Meriam-Webster). The Industrial Revolution was a shift from largely rural, handcrafted and agricultural economies to an eventual urban technology-dri ven economies. The revolution began in Britain in the 1700s, hit the United States in the 1800s and spread to the whole world by the 1900s. Europe and the United States were components in the products of the Industrial Revolution going viral. These two countriesRead MoreThe Decline Of The Industrial Revolution1646 Words à |à 7 Pageswould be forever changed from the time period of 1750 to 1840. Throughout this time many changes in technology, changed the way americans lived their day to day life.All of these revolutionary changes that impacted millions of people s lives are thanks to the industrial revolution. This enormous movement known as the industrial revolution first started out in Great Britain later on spreading to the western world in the following decade. The Industrial revolution is considered a great change in humanRead MoreThe Industrial Revolution : A Small Parts Of A Larger Manufacturing Development849 Words à |à 4 PagesIn order to increase productivity of the fast changing economy, the Industrial Revolution presented new organizational strategies. Small parts of a much larger manufacturing develop ment, known as outwork system were carried out in many individual homes. The outwork system was essential, especially for making footwear. The major step-forward was under the factory system. This system allowed work to be performed on a large scale in a single centralized location. A group of businessmen, Boston AssociatesRead MoreChanges During The Industrial Era1293 Words à |à 6 Pages1800s, the Industrial Revolution shifted Europe exponentially from a basic, morbid society, to become highly intricate and economically prosperous. Urbanization spread throughout Europe making unsafe working areas and conditions no longer a problem for the average worker due to government s safety laws. By increasing the low wages, it allowed the men of Europe to fully support their families, eliminating children and women from working in the factories. These changes during the industrial era createdRead More The Industrial Revolution Essay1526 Words à |à 7 PagesThe Industrial Revolution in B ritainââ¬â¢s history is marked as the period of great development that led to the modern era of growth, improved living standards and technology. Moreover, this revolution was not just limited to Britain; it affected the rest of Europe and America in the same positive manner. Due to the Industrial Revolutionââ¬â¢s success in many countries, it is now commonly cited as the surest way for a country to develop. In economics, goals of a developed country are high production of goodsRead MoreThe Industrial Revolution in Europe1217 Words à |à 5 Pagesenlightened age, Infrastructure, and the economic climate allowed Great Britain to seek new job opportunities and exploit new business ideas. In addition, literacy, public education and the middle class was rising immensely. Concepts like partnerships and selling shares were introduced during this time period. The process of the Industrial Revolution was rapid in Western Europe however, by the 1900 all of Europe was involved. Over al l, the effects of the revolution changed the way materials are transportedRead MoreThe Great Divergence : China, Europe And The Making Of The Modern World Economy Essay1726 Words à |à 7 PagesDuring the long time of economic history, the Industrial Revolution happened in England in the eighteenth century is definitely a turning point which triggers many scholarsââ¬â¢ interests. Gregory Clark, the author of A Farewell to Alms: A Brief Economic History of the World, claims that the average person of 1800 was no better off than their remote ancestors of the Palaeolithic according to the Malthusian Trap. Then he focuses on solving three questions: Why did the Malthusian Trap persist so long luzrobinson197737http://www.blogger.com/profile/17044670122145841346noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8664184192367599492.post-17082651781796103862020-05-06T18:53:00.001-07:002020-05-06T18:53:07.929-07:00Advantages and Disadvantages of Being a First Mover Advantages and Disadvantages of being a First Mover: The timing of entry to a particular market or industry is usually important because it helps in determining a companys returns on investment. First movers are described as the first entrants to offer or sell a new product or service category in a particular industry. Some of the major advantages of being a first mover include brand loyalty and technological leadership, exploiting the switching costs of buyers, preemption of scarce assets, and gaining increasing returns advantages. As a first mover, a firm can develop a reputation of a leader in the specific area of technology within the industry that enables it to sustain a lead when competition enters the arena (Schilling, n.d.). Such companies may also increase in market power through increased returns that could help in ultimately making it the dominant design. The other advantage of being a first mover in an industry is that an organization obtains control of resources. Despite of these first mover advantages, companies also bear some disadvantages of being pioneers in an industry. First, first movers are considerably less profitable in the long run as compared to the other entrants in the industry. Secondly, first movers experience high research and development expenses since they spend more money on exploratory research. Third, first movers have challenges associated with undeveloped supply and distribution channels that proves to be a major disadvantage. TheShow MoreRelatedFirst and Late Mover Companies or Products1748 Words à |à 7 PagesFirst and Late Mover Companies or Products: Every industry is usually characterized with a variety of competing firms that seek to establish their presence and profitability in the market. As part of enhancing their competitiveness and increasing their market share, these firms are involved in developing and introducing products and/or services that meet customers needs. The first company to introduce products and/or services to a market is usually considered as a first mover in the specific industryRead MoreFirst Mover and Market Follower923 Words à |à 4 PagesIntroduction to First Mover and Market Follower When it comes to having a competitive advantage, a firm would be looking at generating higher sales or market share over its competitors. Competitive advantage can be achieved by many ways in terms of low cost, providing niche products or services. Another type of competitive advantage is the first mover. The first mover is termed as a firm being the first to move into a particular market with this services or product. There are significant advantage and risksRead MoreFord Wholly Owned Subsidiary895 Words à |à 4 Pagesnet exporter of vehicles. Between 2006 and 2008 the volume of foreign cars sold in Russian increased significantly. As of today, 11 foreign car makers have production operations already established or are building plants in Russia. Ford became the first investor in 1998. In 2007 and 2009Fordââ¬â¢s light vehicle sales in Russia were 175,643 and 82,083, respectively. Today, Fordââ¬â¢s factory in St. Petersburg makes small Focus and medium-sized Mondeo sedans. Since its initial investment in the Russian marketRead MorePDA Case Study994 Words à |à 4 Pagescompanies were first movers. First Movers have a major advantage of being ââ¬Å"first to marketâ⬠with new technology and can often gain a large advantage over competitors.à In order to be a First-Mover, an organization must have a developed new technology with knowledge about the market, an established distribution system for the new technology, and an educated new customer who understands the benefits of the new technology (Schilling, 2008, pg. 88-90). However, in the case of PDAs, being first did not allowRead MoreCase Study : Apple Inc. Essay1422 Words à |à 6 Pagestheir proprietary software applications iOS, X, OS, and watchOS brands; and services across their Apple Pay and iCloud products (Forbes.com, 2016). Explored in detail, Appleââ¬â¢s history, current competitive advantage, market share, and how organizations strengthen and sustain their competitive advantage. The evaluation of possible threats or weaknesses and recommendations for diversification into related businesses, through the examination of a case study, by John E. Gamble and Lou Marino (2012). AppleRead MoreThe Half Truth Of First Mover Advantage1359 Words à |à 6 PagesHalf-Truth of First-Mover Advantage The first-mover advantage is defined as a firmââ¬â¢s ability to be better off than its competitors as a result of being the first to market in a new product category. This concept is accepted without questioning or objecting it, a great amount of mangers believe that be incorporating this status will increase their competitive advantage and obtaining a great part of the market share. There are executives that believe that the first-mover is a great advantage that willRead MoreFactors Affecting The Competitive Nature Of An Industry1214 Words à |à 5 Pagesand ability to invest in new assets. Another macroeconomic forceââ¬âcurrency exchange ratesââ¬âwill affect multinational firms and industries. Exchange rates can increase or decrease competition among an industry, which is important for a firm to take advantage of (Hill et al., 2016: 68). In terms of global forces, managers should consistently be analyzing the benefits from trade based on trade regulations. In todayâ⠬â¢s society, international trade is increasingly uncertain as many countries seem to be shiftingRead MoreStandardization For A Format War977 Words à |à 4 Pagesmarket. Example- Microsoft and Intel had won format war against Apple computer s proprietary system and later against IBM OS/2 opereting system. How standardization can lead to a format war: Standardization can be an improtant source of competitive advantages. Most of the cases one standard become the winning standard, so many wars in industries occure around the companies for get the winning standard. Thus standardization lead to format war. 2.Once standardization occurs, how does the industry benefitRead MoreThe Invention Of The First Mover1354 Words à |à 6 PagesThe first-mover advantage is defined as a firmââ¬â¢s ability to be better off than its competitors as a result of being the first to market in a new product category. This concept is accepted without questioning or objecting it, a great amount of mangers believe that be incorporating this status will increase their competitive advantage and obtaining a great part of the market share. There are executives that believe that the first-mover is a great advantage that will make their business succeed in everyRead MoreThe Strategies To Test Marketing : The Challenges Of Marketing And Product Development802 Words à |à 4 PagesAs the world grows more socially responsible, there has been a shift towards eco-friendly transportation, such as electric cars or commuter bikes. Taking advantage of this growing segment, our marketing department has decided to move for ward with an innovative commuter bike, entering markets in urban areas with high commuting populations. In doing so, we hope to gain the most we can from data and feedback while minimizing cost, time consumption, and competition. In this stage of the new product development luzrobinson197737http://www.blogger.com/profile/17044670122145841346noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8664184192367599492.post-69298264549740152020-05-06T00:11:00.001-07:002020-05-06T00:11:23.447-07:00Marketing Case Study - Diesel free essay sample For an above-the-line approach Diesel gave unsigned new bands an opportunity to have their music heard through their on-line radio station Diesel:U:Music which itââ¬â¢s choices of music are chosen by the resident DJ ââ¬â The impact being that the Diesel team saw music as an inspirational part of that lifestyle and realised that exploring new music and artists was all a part of trying something different and experimenting with the unusual. Also the launch of their campaign with the phrase ââ¬ËBe Stupidââ¬â¢ ââ¬â The impact was this was chosen through Renzo Rosso taking the stupid move to make jeans that he wanted to wear all those years ago, then took an even more stupid move of trying to sell those jeans to other and are now being enjoyed by millions of people around the world now to enjoy. For below-the-line approach itââ¬â¢s always about engaging with the customers as opposed to selling at them, in having a two way conversation with the customer as to going against them with a one way speech, making it an enjoyable experience for the customer, making this an Indirect sales promotion. We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing Case Study Diesel or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Diesel gel the boundaries between to two approaches by combining both expensive activities like Radio and inexpensive activities like indirect sales promotion such as point-of-sales displays. 2. Diesel:U:Music is regarded as an above-the-line approach. It is part of a global music support collaboration along with an on-line music radio station allowing new music and artists to have their music heard and to have an opportunity to have their talent recognised. 3. Premium pricing strategy advantages and disadvantages: Advantages Disadvantages 4. Considering the distribution strategies mentioned in the case study, what might be the outcome if Diesel adopted an intensive distribution methodâ⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦ If Diesel were to sell their products at a low affordable price they would gain a wider share of the retail market, not everyone buys a product through the experience they had when in the store or getting them involved in with the Diesel lifestyle ââ¬â an expensive one at that 5. To what extent do you think Diesel can rely on its brand alone for future growth! How far do you think Dieselââ¬â¢s growth is directly linked to its organisational structure! For as long as customers who are buying their products like them and are happy to buy them at the prices they sell them for. With Dieselââ¬â¢s organisational structure being a flat hierarchy, it encourages everyone to communicate with each other, sharing ideas and solving problems with less layers of management also trying to communicate that energy with its customers. I think it helps as the staff have a sense of belonging to both a team and to a particular responsibility, which leads to motivation. The more you understand your work and your environment, the happier you are likely to be at your job then the less likely you will want to leave . With being happy at work they can keep creating great ideas that has been said has formed the heart of the company, by this they have been producing products that millions of people have been buying. luzrobinson197737http://www.blogger.com/profile/17044670122145841346noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8664184192367599492.post-15155777026928355342020-04-19T23:25:00.001-07:002020-04-19T23:25:05.654-07:00Transnational Crime free essay sample The documentary Life and Debt portrays a true example of the impact economic globalization can have on a developing country. When most Americans think about Jamaica, we think about the beautiful beaches, warm weather, and friendly people that make it a fabulous vacation spot. This movie shows the place in a different light, by showing a pressuring problem of debt. The everyday survival of many Jamaicans is based on the economic decisions of the United States and other powerful foreign countries. The film opens with camera shots portraying Jamaica as the beautiful and carefree place that most Americans view it as. The vast majority are oblivious to the fact that the delicious food they indulge in on their voyage probably came off a ship from Miami. In the 1970s, the countrys former Prime Minister signed a loan agreement which ultimately led Jamaica to owe over four billion dollars in debt to the World Bank and IMF. We will write a custom essay sample on Transnational Crime or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This ultimately caused a sinking economy of low valued imports and to sweatshops destroying local businesses and agriculture. In the video, we see workers who are working gruesome six-day-a-week work schedules to receive the legal minimum wage of only $30 in US money for the entire week. Many have protested against the poor compensation, and have been fired from their jobs; having been placed on blacklists which prevent them from ever getting work again. Many have turned to crime as a means of income. What Globalization Means Globalization is not a recent concept. It means that the worldwide, virtually instantaneous interdependence about many aspects of economic and cultural life within a nation or state has expanded across borders either intentionally or unintentionally. Now this nation or a states independence to control events within its borders is challenged by international corporations, economic globalization, trade, transnational crime and the increase in global communications and developments in technology. Ways in Which Globalization Increases Crime Streeten defined the components of globalizationââ¬â¢s effects on the fundamental change in our lives as below: â⬠¦additionally to economic interdependence in terms of trade, finance, direct investment, there are technological, educational, cultural, ideological, and environmental, legal, military, strategic and political incentives that are rapidly spread throughout the world. Money and goods, images and people, sports and religions, guns and drugs, diseases and pollution can now be moved quickly across all over the world. Although people in many places seem prepared to die for the better option, we can say that there is no absolute model of the state. While we are talking about the state and globalization, we face the same dilemma while discussing the family characteristics in the West. In other words, the traditional Western family model and marriage has lived through many changes, and faced irreversible damages. We cannot state how the family will be in the future. The only thing we can do is keep up old and traditional values. Similarly, states are seeing considerable elements of traditional statehood being eroded. Main Components The sum of the various elements of globalization has caused sovereign state less and less a locus of policy and control under some organizations such as the WTO, the EU, NAFTA. Those organizations have become more significant players in the world politics arena. Indeed, it will be increasingly difficult for our future civil servant to define what national and international dimensions of problems are. Main Actors More than 190 countries now take place in the political arena with a larger number of powerful non-sovereign and at least partly (and often largely) independent actors that at least partly, varying from corporations to non-government organizations (NGOs), from terrorist groups to drug cartels, from regional and global institutions to banks and private equity funds. The sovereign state is affected by them causing better or worse as much as possible. The monopolistic power once enjoyed by sovereign entities is now being eroded. luzrobinson197737http://www.blogger.com/profile/17044670122145841346noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8664184192367599492.post-57585312848052107842020-03-15T08:16:00.001-07:002020-03-15T08:16:03.092-07:00Forrest Gump Essay ExampleForrest Gump Essay Example Forrest Gump Paper Forrest Gump Paper Fates Destiny Society has always questioned whether love or death is a matter of choice or fate. Fate is the theory that everything happens just the way it is supposed to happen. It is also the notion that all things and events are predetermined by a higher power. In William Shakespearesââ¬â¢ Romeo and Juliet, he writes about a young man named Romeo who falls in love with a woman named Juliet. Romeoââ¬â¢s falling in love with Juliet causes multiple people to die including the two lovers, and he is responsible. He claims that he did not kill those individuals, and that it was fate. He also claims that fortune chose for him to end his life in order to be with his lover. In Eric Rothââ¬â¢s academy award winner Forrest Gump, he writes about a young man named Forrest who grew up in Greenbow, Alabama. Forrest tells his life story to strangers while waiting at a bus stop and how heââ¬â¢s made the best of everything thatââ¬â¢s ever happened to him. Roth and Shakespeare both write about how the powerful concept of fate and destiny effect human beings because when Romeoââ¬â¢s wife dies he blames fate and when Forrest Gumpsââ¬â¢ wife dies he states everybody has a destiny. : This does not happen suddenly at all which makes it easier for the audience to take in at a gradual process. He puts the feather in a childrens picture book which was in his suitcase, which I think represents his character as childlike. The directors purpose for this was to give again a relaxing film as there is not much to take in at any one time making it much easier for the viewers. Of Mice and Men on the other hand is a totally contrast as the whole way though the opening shots we are constantly guessing on what has happen as Sinise felt the need to give the film and edgy mysteriousness to it. He achieves this well by introducing George on a train, in the dark. George looks very serious and unhappy. The audience assumes when the flashback occurs that something negative happen to put him in such a maze of emotions. We firstly see Lennie with George running. Sinise uses a mid-shot of them from their backs indicating them running away from a place. Its also done quite suddenly as they run past the camera. I think the director wants the audience to only see the back of them to leave the audience with the mystery of George and Lennies front appearances which adds to the mystery. The opening shots of the main characters are very different as Zeneckiss Forest Gump is very open and giving the audience as much detail as possible whereas Sinises is very minimalist in giving clues to what the main characters are like. The sound effects and music are very uplifting in Forrest Gump. The music is largely in a major key and so gives a happy atmosphere to set the story to. It is gentle and light at the beginning of the film to show that its not going to be a film of mystery or danger, but of happiness. The music then crescendos when the feather almost hits the car and diminuendos when the feather lands by Forrests foot. The directors purpose by using that effect is to tell the audience to focus their attention on him. Overall, the music was nothing dramatic do to give a homely environment. However, the music from Of Mice and Men is a total opposite as the music through out the opening scenes is in a minor key, therefore giving a sense of danger and unhappiness. We can see that it is not going to be a light hearted film. As we start to see the inside of the train where George is sitting, the music dies down by the time the camera has moved to show a close-up of his face drawing the audiences attention directly to George. Once the scene cuts to the flashback, the music all of a sudden starts again and it is much louder which creates a dramatic atmosphere giving the viewer a sense of danger. As the girl comes running towards the camera, we start to hear disturbing noises of the girl screaming and crying. Suddenly we see a close-up of dogs barking fiercely with strong music in the background giving a climaxing danger. This is a lot louder than when George and Lennie are running right at the beginning of the flashback. As soon as George and Lennie jump into the little river, the music cuts to get rid of the tension that was rising to give the audience the impression that they are safe. This is very effective as there is such a contrast between the layering of the music, dogs barking and men shouting to just Lennie and George panting as they sit in the river gives the audience a shock even though it is of relief. In the climax, I think Sinise wants you to panic for Lennie and Georges safety even though you are yet to find out about their personalities or the crime they have committed. My response to this particular part was to feel sympathy for the both of them. Even though the two films have very different sound effects and music they have been appropriately placed I feel to create very exciting atmospheres leading the audience to carry on watching. The dialogue in Forrest Gump starts when Forrest is accompanied by a nurse who sits on the bus stop bench where he is waiting. Forrest takes this opportunity to start to talk to her. He talks to her with a friendly tone about her shoes which are very clean. He says to her about how, mamma said that you can tell a lot from someones shoes. This draws the audience to see Forrests shoes which are extremely dirty looking. The viewer learns that by looking at his trainers he has an interesting story to tell and listen more intently to discover Forrests travels. From his accent and language and the fact he refers to his mothers explanations to life shows that Forrest isnt used to think for himself giving the impression hes slightly mentally challenged. He is projected as a sweet and caring person. Even though the nurse ignores Forrest, he keeps on trying to talk to her and get a response. This symbolises him being so childlike in a way that he will not persist until he is given attention. I think Zeneckis wants to give the audience as fuller projection of Forrest as possible as it may lead on and answer questions on why things happened later on in the film. My response is that you are given an insight to a very interesting character and gives you the urge to carry on watching to see what hes done with his life. The dialogue in Of Mice and Men differs drastically to Forrest Gump as it lacks in details about the characters and tends to be very short lines. The short lines give the affect of drama and mystery. Even though the lines are not as full as Zeneckiss film they still give you clues that tend to be a little less obvious. When we see George and Lennie running away from the lynch mob, we hear their first interaction of the film. George orders Lennie to run faster and has to push him forward to help. This immediately portrays George as the stronger of the two as he is the one asking Lennie to run faster, giving him a master figure. Lennie is also given the role of the follower. George as he speaks has an anxious tone in his voice which indicates that they have done something wrong. Lennie on the other hand seems oblivious and doesnt know why they are running away or why George seems so anxious. This indicates that like Forrest Gump, he may be mentally challenged as it seems he is in another world. luzrobinson197737http://www.blogger.com/profile/17044670122145841346noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8664184192367599492.post-57979932547883390062020-02-27T22:41:00.001-08:002020-02-27T22:41:02.601-08:00The Intercultural Communication in the Sports and Politics EssayThe Intercultural Communication in the Sports and Politics - Essay Example The sports events like the Olympics and the World Cup though are more about sports have been used over time to engage in high levels of public diplomacy (Murray, 2013). In this case, the sporting events are useful in undertaking Intercultural Public Relations. However, even when engaging in public diplomacy, those in charge resort to using language that is acceptable to all the people from different backgrounds thus contributing to a large extent in influencing intercultural communication (Baraldi, 2015). On the other hand, using sport in changing public relations or political relations is a means through which nation brand themselves. For instance, the 2014 Olympics games in Russia were overshadowed by Vladimir Putinââ¬â¢s passing of anti-gay laws before the games kicked off. Putin had to respond to public and media attention. In response, the USA media portrayed how Russia was not in the same league of human rights as the rest of the world. Therefore, the Russian example shows h ow sporting events are being used as platforms for airing political differences and also at the time being crucial to influencing other societies to embrace tolerance. Nonetheless, the fight for political supremacy through sports entails engaging in intercultural communication where nations use language that is accepted by the rest of the world as a community (Allen, 2011). For instance, in the Russian scenario, the country is against homosexuality though the Olympic Games was used to encourage the country. luzrobinson197737http://www.blogger.com/profile/17044670122145841346noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8664184192367599492.post-78128368679803837912020-02-11T15:27:00.001-08:002020-02-11T15:27:04.003-08:00Policy Making Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 wordsPolicy Making - Essay Example The contacts can be found in a government directory. The next step is initiating contact. This involves calling the offices or traveling to the offices personally. If an appointment is granted, the plan moves to the next part which involves correspondence on material. This is the part where any question that will be posed to the policy makers during the visit get availed to allow ample time for preparation. In addition, the policy makers will get a copy of the policy recommendation report to allow them to prepare for the discussion during the visit. After providing the material in focus, the next stage will involve setting up a date for the visit and the itinerary. The itinerary is generally focused on arrival at the policy makersââ¬â¢ offices and a schedule of the debates that will take place. The itinerary will be approved by both sides (we, the visitors and the policy makers). The visit will last for not more than two hours (Bensley & Brookins-Fisher, 2008). Overview of Recomme ndations The key strategies of the recommendations are proper patient-to-nurse ratio staffing, proper shift managements, and proper overtime management. The importance of these aspects of nursing is that they are the backbone of proper nursing environment. On proper nurse-to-patient ratio, the problem was that nurses in many hospitals were overwhelmed by the work they had to do. In some cases, one nurse had to tend to over sixty patients. This is a dangerous situation because nurses who are overwhelmed by their work get fatigued and, as a result, produce poor quality results (Kenner & Finkelman, 2012). On proper shift management, the problem identified was that nurses had to do very long shifts and in most cases worked on the same working quadrant for a long time. The long shifts made the nurses fatigued and demoralized them. The notion of working in the same quadrant over a long period of time made their work seem repetitive. Repetitive work makes the nurses numb to developments in the workplace. These developments are such as patient condition deterioration or any routine procedures that may need to be changed. My recommendation at this point is that the nurses should work shifts of less than eight hours and that the hospitals should do frequent rotation of the nurses in the wards (Kenner & Finkelman, 2012). On overtime management, the problem identified was that nurses did much overtime work. Daytime nurses tended to stretch their shifts into the night and vice versa. Other nurses took weekend jobs. The problem with overtime work is that it exhausts the nurses and confuses the doctors who will have already changed shifts. My recommendation is that nurses should be allowed as little overtime work as possible due to the nature of their work. Their work is sensitive and demands a lot of keenness (Kenner & Finkelman, 2012). Analysis of Empirical Evidence Empirical evidence showed that nurses who worked for long shifts had alarmingly poor results with many nursi ng related conditions attributed to them. Generally, nurses who worked long shifts complained of loss of concentration in work and stress. Doctors who worked with nurses, who worked long shifts, complained of laxity among those nurses and reduction in the quality of the nursesââ¬â¢ work. The case was worse among nurses who were registered and their unregistered assistants. In such cases, there was a breakdown in communication. Registered nurses who luzrobinson197737http://www.blogger.com/profile/17044670122145841346noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8664184192367599492.post-82403415366347362362020-01-31T10:04:00.001-08:002020-01-31T10:04:05.212-08:00Microsoft Corp.s Pricing Policies Essay Example for Free Microsoft Corp.s Pricing Policies Essay Executive Summary This case study focused on the Microsoft Corporation and charges made by their competitors, the Federal Trade Commission, and the Department of Justice of antitrust violations and a monopoly of the computer operating systems and applications software, software development tools (e.g., programming language software), and hardware peripherals (e.g., Microsoft Mouse) that Microsoft specializes in. It focused on numerous issues that would lead one to believe that Microsoft was in fact monopolizing the entire industry they were in. . In order to adequately discuss and analyze the issues of this case, I have broken this paper up into four separate sections. Section 1 Key Terms Concepts: Description of the key terms concepts that pertain to this case Section 2 The Case Against Microsoft: Identify the facts and information that support my case against Microsoft Section 3 The Defense of Microsoft: Identify certain facts and information that support a defense of Microsoft Section 4 Discussion: What I have learned from the case After reading this case study, I went back to the email that I received from you and went over the questions that you suggested we consider. The first question was: If you were the DOJ how would you build a case against Microsoft or a dominant leader? I will attempt to do this in Section 2 The Case Against Microsoft. The second question was: If you were Microsoft how might you defend yourself against DOJ claims? I will cover this in Section 3 The Defense of Microsoft. I will attempt to show why it was very necessary for the DOJ to bring a case of monopoly and antitrust violations against Microsoft. In doing this, I will attempt to put myself into Microsofts shoes and defend their claims that they have not created a monopoly. Section 1 1. Key Terms Concepts The reason I decided to include these terms and concepts was to make it easier for me to write this paper and use certain terms without describing them each time I used them in my paper. Department of Justice, Antitrust Division: The Assistant Attorney General for Antitrust, a presidential appointee, ran the Antitrust Division of the DoJ. When the Division thought the evidence was sufficiently persuasive, it brought criminal charges. The Division also entered into negotiations with businesses to end litigation in exchange for consent decrees in civil cases, or nolo contendere (no contest) please in criminal cases DOJ: Department of Justice: The United States Department of Justice (DOJ) is a Cabinet department in the United States government designed to enforce the law and defend the interests of the United States according to the law and to ensure fair and impartial administration of justice for all Americans (http://en.wikipedia. Org /wiki / United_States_Department_of_Justice) DOS: Disc Operating System FTC Federal Trade Commission: The FTC enforces federal antitrust and consumer protection laws by investigating complaints against individual companies initiated by consumers, businesses, congressional inquiries, or reports in the media (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Trade_Commission) ISVs: Independent Software Vendors MS-DOS: Microsoft Operating Systems NDAs: Non-disclosure agreements OEMs: Original Equipment Manufacturers OS: Operating Systems PC: Personal Computer Sherman Anti-Trust Act: it made illegal any form of contract or combination between entities in regards to trade and commerce that would have the effect of restraining trade. And it also put responsibility on government attorneys and district courts to pursue and investigate trusts http://en.wikipedia.org/ wiki/ Sherman _ Antitrust_Act) The Clayton Act of 1914: The Clayton Act was designed to prevent monopoly in the beginning rather than to remedy its effects. To accomplish this goal, Congress authorized antitrust prosecutions whenever business practices maysubstantially lessen competition or tend to create a monopoly in any line of commerce, in any section of the country. Section Two of the act forbade sellers from discriminating in price selling goods of like grade and quality to different buyers at different prices when such differences were neither cost justified nor necessary to meet competition. Section Three limited the use of tying and exclusive dealing contracts. Tying contracts required purchasers or leases to acquire a second, separate product in order to obtain the desired product. Exclusive dealing contracts obliged a purchaser or lessee not to deal in products of competitors Vaporware: is software or hardware which is announced by a developer well in advance of release, but which then fails to emerge, either with or without a protracted development cycle. The term implies deception, or at least a negligent degree of optimism; that is, it implies that the announcer knows that product development is in too early a stage to support responsible statements about its completion date, feature set, or even feasibility (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaporware) Section 2 2. The Case Against Microsoft In order to make my case against Microsoft and prove that they are most assuredly in violation of monopoly and anti-trust regulations, I will answer the following questions: 1. Is this a case of monopoly? 2. Is this case a violation of the Sherman Anti-Trust Act? Is this a case of monopoly? When I began considering my approach to this paper, I first thought about situations where I was absolutely sure I had been the victim of a monopoly. In order to do this, I first had to make sure that I fully understood exactly what a monopoly was. The American Heritageà ® Dictionary defines a monopoly as Exclusive control by one group of the means of producing or selling a commodity or service. In simpler terms, I have always thought of a monopoly as a big corporation doing its best to screw-over the little guy (A.K.A the customer) by doing its best to make as much money as possible. The first situation that came to mind when I thought of a monopoly was how the Comcast cable company had a virtual strangle-hold on the cable service in my homes area. Since they had exclusive control of the means of producing or selling a commodity or service, in this case they were the only cable provider in our area, you were forced to settle for Comcasts service unless you had satellite television or you were willing to settle for the wonderfully fuzzy reception from the antiquated rabbit ear antennas of years past. As a result, we unfortunately had to deal with Comcasts horrible service and always rising rates. Luckily for us, another competitor came in to the picture when WOW! (Wide Open West Internet-Cable-Phone) set up service in our area. We switched cable providers almost immediately and we couldnt have been happier. They have provided excellent customer service and their rates are consistently lowerà than Comcasts. As a consumer, we definitely benefited from the increased competition and eventual abolishment of the cable company monopoly in our area. With that out of the way, I was forced to look at whether or not Microsoft had a monopoly in their particular industry. Based on the information in this case, I cannot say that Microsoft has a monopoly on any single entire industry. Do they dominate the majority of endeavors that they choose to participate in? Of course they do. Just look at some of these numbers: As you can see from Table 1, Microsoft dominates the market shares of suite software in the United States. The only problem with these numbers is the fact that they are limited in their time range. In my experience, three years is a long enough time to make an approximate forecast for future happenings, from a financial standpoint. However, that is from a transportation and supply-chain perspective where the main variable happens to be the customers shipping fluctuations. In a volatile and constantly evolving market such as software development, these numbers could sway tremendously with the introduction of a new and sought after product or changes in consumer wants and desires. Table 2 shows the financial numbers of Microsoft and three of their competitors: This also tells a lot about Microsofts market dominance, but this time from a financial standpoint. Two things that stand out to me in this table are the fact that Microsoft has almost twice as much net revenue than their nearest competitor (Microsoft has 4,649 and Novell has 1,998). The second thing that jumped out to me is the fact that all of the competitors show an increase in net revenue from 1984 to 1994. Based on the growth of Microsofts competitors (which there are more than one), I feel confident in saying that Microsoft does not have a monopoly in their industry. They do not meet the standard set forth by the simple definition in the dictionary of Exclusive control by one group of the means of producing or selling a commodity or service. As you can clearly see from the tables, Microsoftà does not have exclusive control of the means of producing or selling a commodity or service. However, Microsoft does in fact hold a monopoly on many other counts, one of which is that Microsoft Windows, the Microsoft OS, is installed on most personal computers that can be purchased from Dell, Hewlett Packard, Compaq, and the like. Because this OS comes pre-installed, we as the consumers do not have much of a choice and there is not much of an alternative for us to go with unless we want to switch to an Apple Macintosh OS. Although Microsoft isnt a natural monopoly in the classically defined or economic sense that Ive identified above, it is a natural monopoly in the land of cyberspace. Microsoft is the path of least resistance for government, consumers, and programmers alike. Microsoft may have many faults, but they make a lot of things easier too. Most of us are willing to accept a monopoly such as Microsoft has for increased convenience and usability. Microsoft is a one-product company, no matter how it may sometimes appear. Their success is fundamentally due to the success of Windows. It rose to power with one product, and it resides there because of the success of that product. Unfortunately for us, this is not only the best product on the market, it is the only true alternative for us to use. In my book, regardless of the textbook definition, this constitutes a monopoly by Microsoft. Is this a case a violation of the Sherman Anti-Trust Act? As I stated in Section 1, the Sherman Anti-Trust Act makes illegal any form of contract or combination between entities in regards to trade and commerce that would have the effect of restraining trade. Based on this case and the readings from week #7, there is proof that Microsoft did violate the Sherman Anti-Trust Act, particularly Sections 1 and 2 of the Act. Section One prohibited contracts, combinations and conspiracies in restraint of trade while Section Two outlawed monopolies and attempts to monopolize. Microsoft violated the Sherman Anti-Trust Act by illegally using its market power to restrain trade in the high tech industry. A filing from the DOJ on December 19, 1999 stated that Microsoft engaged in illegal conduct in five separate ways: * by tying browser sales to sales of the operating system; * by using its market power to illegally maintain a monopoly; * by attempting to monopolize the browser market; * by imposing exclusive dealing arrangements between itself and Internet service providers and/or developers; and * by imposing first boot-up and screen restrictions on computer makers. http://news.com.com/2100-1001-233992.html The DOJ filing in December of 1999 shows exactly why Microsoft was in violation of the Sherman Anti-Trust Act. Some of the things that Microsoft has done that clearly violate the act include, but are certainly not limited to: Microsoft customers upgrading their copies of Microsoft Office at the Microsoft website, but using the competitions web browser, are greeted with a message insisting on the use of MSIE for the full edition of the update. On November 18, 1998 the digital greeting card company Blue Mountain Arts discovered that beta versions of Microsofts Outlook Express (which comes free with Internet Explorer) were automatically filing Blue Mountains e-mail greeting cards into the junk folder rather than the inbox. Shortly afterwards, Blue Mountain Arts discovered that Microsofts WebTV service was blocking their e-mail greeting cards as well. When the courts ordered Microsoft to ship Windows without an integrated Internet Explorer, the company complied by offering a non-functional version of the OS, claiming that the browser was now so completelyà integrated into Windows to remove it was tantamount to breaking the operating system. -All three of these examples were taken from the following website: http://www.vcnet. com /bms/departments/dirtytricks.shtml To summarize, Ive identified the following facts: Microsoft does have a monopoly in their industry Microsoft did violate Acts 1 and 2 of the Sherman Anti-trust Act It is convenient for Microsoft to say that their success is solely based on them being able to produce good products. Although they do devote extraordinary resources to improving their technologies, they also work diligently to stifle growth and in-roads from their competition. Section 3 3. The Defense of Microsoft I am not going to spend a great deal of time attempting to defend Microsoft. They have spent millions and millions of dollars working tirelessly to do it themselves. Furthermore, I firmly believe that they have established a monopoly and that this monopoly serves to futher one parties interests: Microsofts. However, I did some research online and came up with the following paragraph from an article titled The Microsoft Antitrust Suit written by Peter Tracey. In it, he wrote The persecution of Microsoft is an assault on the free market, and on the intelligence of the American people. It is the result of long-held envy by Microsofts competitors, including Netscape and Oracle. It is in violation of the constitution, being both ex post facto and vague (Getman). The governments persecution of Microsoft should be stopped, moreover, the antitrust legislation that has exposed business to unfair and unreasonable practices should be repealed. (http://www.levelthreesolutions.com/ peter/msantitrust.html) In Microsofts opinion, the government should not get involved in determining what means a company uses to produce their products. They feel that they have been able to succeed through hard work, tenancity, and superior products. Although it may be unfortunate for their competitiors, Microsoft feels that if you cant stand the heat, stay out of the kitchen. In essence, Microsoft makes the most money doing what they do by taking solid ideas from other people, such as the Disc Operating System, and making them better. Microsoft doesnt monopolize the industry. They simply work harder, take risks, and capitalize where other companies have floundered. Section 4 4. Discussion Before I discuss this particular case study, I must tell you that I have always been a big fan of Microsoft and Bill Gates. I have enjoyed the relatively cheap cost of Microsofts software such as Microsoft Excel and Word. I have also felt that with each successive upgrade of these products I have only been able to improve my performance both at work and school. I also thought it was impressive that Bill Gates could take his ideas, push forward with his undefeatable will, and become one of the richest people in the entire world. However, this case study and the analysis that Ive done with it has really opened my eyes to the seamy side of Microsoft and Bill Gates. I was so moved by this case that I even went and downloaded one of Microsofts few internet browser competitors, Netscape, to compare its product with Internet Explorer. When my wife asked me what my paper was I about I told her it was about Microsoft and whether or not they were a monopoly in the industry. Her very quick and wry response said it so perfectly: Duh, of course they are. Even I know that. I think this says it all so succinctly. Do I think Microsoft needs to be disbanded or separated in to two different operating companies? Not really. Like I said before, I enjoy Microsofts products and I use them constantly. In fact, I am writingà this paper using one of Microsofts products, Microsoft Word. I just honestly think that fair competition and a level playing field for Microsofts competitors would only benefit the consumer in the long run. More people with new insights will be given the chance to expand the technology already in place. Too many companies are skittish about taking on Microsoft because of the monopoly and the fear of being annihilated. Finally, I have learned that cases of anti-trust and monopoly are not always as clear cut as one may think. I always thought that Microsoft had a clear monopoly and that there was nothing any of us could ever do to remedy it. I also really didnt care as long as they continued to improve Windows and the accompanying Office Suite. I can see now that competition in all economic arenas, whether it is cable television or fast-food or computer software, is important, no vital, for lower prices and increased technological growth. luzrobinson197737http://www.blogger.com/profile/17044670122145841346noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8664184192367599492.post-77394716034615405262020-01-23T06:28:00.001-08:002020-01-23T06:28:03.337-08:00Alzheimers Disease Essay -- Alzheimers Disease EssaysAlzheimerââ¬â¢s Disease is an irreversible, genetically linked illness. This disease was chosen for the topic of this essay under the consideration that in many families the illness can be incredibly tragic, passing down for generations without mercy. It is not rare to encounter families in which each member is afflicted with a form, mild or severe, of Alzheimerââ¬â¢s. The disease is a progressive brain disease which comes in two separate types: Early-Onset Alzheimerââ¬â¢s Disease and Late-Onset Alzheimerââ¬â¢s Disease. These will be discussed in full later on in the paper. The symptoms of Alzheimerââ¬â¢s are extremely detrimental to the individual whom it affects, as the disease attacks the brain cells and their connections. As the illness progresses, many of the affected brain cells die. In the very beginning stages, many of the symptoms are mistakenly associated simply with the effects of ageing or stress. Issues such as attentiveness, abstract thinking, and mild memory loss which happens to be the most notable of these early symptoms, will all start to appear. As the disease progresses, patients will begin to have a difficulty with perception and execution of motions. Memory will begin to take a heavy toll on the patient at this point, becoming a prominent dilemma. Older memories or episodic memories (such as writing), do not take the brunt of these attacks, but rather newer memories are affected the most. Soon, issues with speech will begin to arise, as the patientââ¬â¢s vocabulary begins to become more and more limited and simplistic. Coordi nation and movement begin to become difficult task for the persons affected, but can ordinarily be accomplished at this point of the disease. In moderate cases, the deterioration of the mind will eventually ... ...much to prepare themselves for the onslaught that is Alzheimerââ¬â¢s Disease. Works Cited "Alzheimer's Association - Alzheimer's & Dementia Risk Factors." Alzheimer's Association. Web. 04 May 2012. . "Alzheimer's Disease Genetics Fact Sheet." National Institute on Aging. Web. 04 May 2012. . "Alzheimer's Disease Research Centers." National Institute on Aging. Web. 04 May 2012. . "Alzheimer's Topics." National Institute on Aging. Web. 04 May 2012. . "Fisher Center for Alzheimer's Research Foundation." Fisher Center Foundation. Web. 04 May 2012. . luzrobinson197737http://www.blogger.com/profile/17044670122145841346noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8664184192367599492.post-32568867401610114712020-01-15T02:52:00.001-08:002020-01-15T02:52:03.044-08:00Incremental profit EssayDistinguish between the following: a) Industry demand and Firm (Company) demand, b) Short-run demand and Long run demand, and c) Durable goodsââ¬â¢ demand and Non-durable goods demand. 2 . What are the problems faced in determining the demand for a durable good? Illustrate with example of demand for households refrigerator or television set. 3 . Analyze the method by which a firm can allocate the given advertising budget between different media of advertisement. 4 . What kind of relationship would you postulate between short-run and long-run average cost curves when these are not U-shaped as suggested by the modern theories? 5 . How do demand forecasting methods for new products vary from those for established products? 6 . What are the different methods of measuring national income? Which methods have been followed in India? 7 . What do you understand by the investment multiplier? In what way does it defend the policy of public works on the part of the state during business depression? 8 . Discuss the various phases of business cycle: a. Are cyclical fluctuations necessary for economic growth? b. Suggest appropriate fiscal and monetary policies for depression Assignment B: all Case Study Electron Control, Inc., sells voltage regulators to other manufacturers, who then customize and distribute the products to quality assurance labs for their sensitive test equipment. The yearly volume of output is 15,000 units. The selling price and cost per unit are shown below:à Selling price $200 Costs: Direct material $35 Direct labor 50 Variable overhead 25 Variable selling expenses 25 Fixed selling expenses 15 150 Unit profit before tax $ 50 Management is evaluating the alternative of performing the necessary customizing to allow Electron Control to sell its output directly to Q/A labs for $275 per unit. Although no added investment is required in productive facilities, additional processing costs are estimated as: Direct labor $25 per unit Variable overhead $15 per unit Variable selling expenses $10 per unit Fixed selling expenses $100,000 per year Calculate the incremental profit Electron Control would earn by customizing its instruments and marketing directly to end users. luzrobinson197737http://www.blogger.com/profile/17044670122145841346noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8664184192367599492.post-81398342682977628382020-01-06T23:14:00.001-08:002020-01-06T23:14:03.848-08:00A Short Note On The Women Care Counseling Center - 924 Words Mehdi Khan A Visit to the Women Care Counseling Center Last week (2-2-15), I visited the Women Care Counseling Center in Evanston and met Beth Katz at noon. Beth is a Senior Associate Therapist who guided me through their small suite. Women Care is an organization that primarily focuses on counseling various members of their community and provides training to people to become therapist. They offer support to families, couples and teens through life transitioning moments and offer guidance to overcome obstacles in life, such as trauma. It was founded in the late 70s by Laurie Kahn with the purpose of helping women with their relationships and family troubles. Earlier, I was reluctant to enter their suite because of the notion that itâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦As I was speaking with one of their staff, I disclosed myself to be doing a paper on my visit. The lady gave me a history and the mission of their program. She talked about the fact that their counseling is open to almost everyone; but, mostly women come to their facility. The misconception that their services are only for women is common and since their clients are mostly women, they have facilitated their workshops towards satisfying the needs of their clients. At first, they provided care primarily to women and now they have expanded their service towards men. I found it fascinating that they counsel women to deal with sexuality and gender appropriate roles. The first idea that I would like to discuss is the idea that we as a species have created this false sense of roles for each gender is ridicules. Women can procreate ideas equivalent to men. The ability to critically think and analyze is equal in both genders. The division of genders does not define a person, or their character. The mere difference between both genders is biology; and in the prehistoric eras, men were determined to fight and protect and women were designated for reproduction and nurture. In todays civilized society, it is irrelevant because the gender roles can be overlapped. Women can fight alongside men in the army and men can nurture children because the notion that men have to keep up to the brave persona luzrobinson197737http://www.blogger.com/profile/17044670122145841346noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8664184192367599492.post-14645169458096466732019-12-29T19:38:00.001-08:002019-12-29T19:38:03.786-08:00How to Write a Movie ReviewHow to Write a Movie Review Writing a movie review is no easy task and requires not only a critical eye, but also a certain knack. Although you may not necessarily possess an inclination to this kind of work, you may very well develop the skill of doing it and deal with most assignments of this type. When writing a movie review, it is very important to decide from the very beginning what you are going to say, how lengthy your review is going to be, in what succession all the major points will be commented on. But first of all, you should understand two things: first, determine your impression about the movie and follow this idea afterwards, second ââ¬â take into account the fact that a review is not a reaction paper, and your opinion isnââ¬â¢t the most important thing about it, though you can hardly dispense with it. Donââ¬â¢t retell the plot, especially if it is interesting and plays the major role in the movieââ¬â¢s perception. If the screenplay and dialogues are dumb, however, it may be a good idea to mock them, for in this case you are likely not to advise the reader to watch the movie, and are free to write whatever you want. Note the points that are usually illuminated in every movie review and give them a bit of your attention. Actorsââ¬â¢ play, their individual characterization, the plot and its notable features, camera work, decorations, costumes, special effects, screenplay, dialogues and some other moments ââ¬â they all should be mentioned in your review, though there are, of course, no rigid regulations on the presence of any of them as well as the sequence in which they come. The more you step away from these and any other recommendations, the more original your piece of writing is. The important thing, though, is not to pursue the originality for the sake of originality one can always tell when it is the case. luzrobinson197737http://www.blogger.com/profile/17044670122145841346noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8664184192367599492.post-86125577620115628172019-12-21T15:26:00.001-08:002019-12-21T15:26:03.723-08:00Benefits of Learining through Play - 1325 Words Before exploring the benefits of learning through play, it is important to gain an understanding of what play is. It is difficult to define exactly what play is. Play can vary amongst different types of activities, social contexts, and also age groups. Free, imaginative play is vital for normal social, emotional and cognitive development. Play is important for childrenââ¬â¢s learning as it helps them to become socially adept, managing with stress and developing cognitive skills such as problem solving. Through play children explore social, material and imaginary worlds and their relationship with them. There are many different reasons why children play, sometimes they are discovering or learning new things. Play can be a way of building or strengthening relationships with either other children or adults. Children more often play simply for the fun and enjoyment it offers them. Many theorists have tried to make a concrete definition of what play is. Play has been defined as a dynamic process that develops and changes as it becomes progressively more varied and complex. Play is considered a crucial facilitator for learning and development, and reflects the social and cultural contexts in which children live (Christie, 2001) According to Piaget (1969), play is a way for children to combine experiences, knowledge and understanding. Vygotsky (1966) stated that play was a vehicle for a child behaving more maturely than at other times. In fantasy play he believed that children canShow MoreRelatedEssay on Behavioral Modeling2181 Words à |à 9 Pagesthe solution to their problem in the way that the professional solved it on the video, after viewing the video. The individuals then behaviorally rehearse situations and receive feedback on their performances; they are also given the opportunity to play possible roles of the other person so they will gain the same insight. The individuals then discuss their new skills and ways to apply them on their job (Aamodt, 2010). For this training method to be successful; the videos must represent the commonlyRead MoreActivity 11 Identify Four Possible Consequences Essay examples3066 Words à |à 13 Pagesunsure what is causing the performance issue and decide to pay closer attention in order to get to the bottom of it. What feedback processes could you use to uncover the problem? The coach could use feedback techniques such as: Examine play statistics Video the games and play them back to analyse them Have a team discussion where everybody is encouraged to provide feedback Hold one-on-one meetings with each player, assistant coaches and other administration employees Activity 5 1 Standards are set byRead MoreStalin Final Draft2334 Words à |à 10 Pagesthe ââ¬Å"Great Retreat,â⬠entailed the discouragement of divorce and making abortion illegal since it threatened to break population growth in 1936 (Oxbridge). Women were rewarded with medals for giving birth to ten or more children, and were expected to play a role in the expansion of the Russian economy, taking the place of men during WWII in the factories and collective farms (Rudbeck). Stalin realized the strength of the Russian Orthodox Church in Russia and decided to act upon it. Stalin demonized luzrobinson197737http://www.blogger.com/profile/17044670122145841346noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8664184192367599492.post-69681553707533555062019-12-13T11:57:00.001-08:002019-12-13T11:57:02.757-08:00What is the relationship between personality and health Free Essays string(40) " impatient but also type B personality\." Introduction In order to evaluate the research conducted by Friedman and Rosenman, it is important to understand the relationship between personality and health. In a study of health and illness by Bury (2005), health is an incredible riddle and hard to define but simple to spot. However, in management of health promotion and developing healthy organisation and community written by Simnett (1995) says that health approval is sunshade expression for a very wide range of performances that improve good health and well-being and put a stop to ill health. We will write a custom essay sample on What is the relationship between personality and health? or any similar topic only for you Order Now On the other hand, personality is define as psychologies with the aim of recognizing the uniqueness in human characters and understanding peopleââ¬â¢s differences in organisation (Buchannan and Huczynski, 2010). Although, the researcher suggests that personality and health seems to be link in a way particularly relevant to organisational behaviour. However, this essay will critically evaluate the relationship between personality and health in organisation and discuss the behavioural syndromes that measures stress level in organisation. Furthermore, evaluate type A personality and B personality and also discuss how the stress levels would differ amongst the two types of personality. It would also analyse the factors and trait of the personality and suggest reasons on how these factors relate to levels of stress taken upon an individual in organisation. In addition, a discussion of the strategies management that should be used to sustain the employee stress levels and conclude. One of the main links between personality and health involves health quality base on what individuals do. The research carried out by Friedman and Rosenman, 1974 in (Buchannan and Huczynski, 2010) shows that smoking and alcohol are relate to a number of personality behaviours such as, disobedience, ferociousness, estrangement, impulsivity, and low confidence. However, those individuals with such specific personality take bigger risk with their health and could die early. For example, it is nature and social predicament at early days that lead to drinking alcohol, smoking cigarettes and other drugs mistreatment in adolescent years (Cooley, 2009). Consequently, the rate of health inconvenience and premature death has increased significantly because of smoking and drinking alcohol. In contrast, personality has been long considering major intermediary/moderator of stress in organisational behaviour (Antoniou and Cooper, 2005). In addition, stress is a prototype of emotional states and ph ysiological reaction taking place in response to difficulty from within or outer surface of organisation (Blonna, 2010). However, world health organisation (1992) defines behaviours syndrome as a different between people or individual in organisation. Although, the syndromes that assess the stress levels are frontal lobe syndromes that follow skull shock which adequately split in the direction of losing consciousness that include a number of different symptoms such as annoyance, vertigo, (normally lack the characteristic of true dizziness), tiredness, bad temper, and complexity. These symptoms might be accompanies by emotion of sadness or anxiety resulting from loss of self-esteem and fear of permanent brain damage in persons in organisation (World Health Organisation, 1992). One of the strongest arguments against Friedman and Rosenman theories are the difference between type A and B personality. However, Friedman and Rosenman (1974) argued that everybody on earth has unrelated and distinctive personality. In addition, they said that each individual could be placed into one of the two personality types such as type A personality or type B personality. The Type B personality is the median. It is the normal person. They are at most times quiet and composed. It takes a lot to annoy them. They are hardly overstressed, and when feeling pressure they lean to be positive than negative. It is clearly that Type B persons do not mind driving behind an unhurried car. They do not care too much if the queue is long at the grocery store. Their velocity is calm and they are not in a rush to get things done. Type B people are patient (Friedman and Rosenman, 1974). They also state that type A personality were three times more likely to experience heart infection than ty pe B personalities. Typical type A thrives on extended hours, large amounts of work and fixed deadlines. These are together and organisationally useful quality, as competitiveness and a high need for success. Moreover, those who are type A personality may not be able to relax extensively, stand back from multifaceted difficulty to make an efficient and comprehensive analysis, and need the tolerance and comfortable style required in some administrative positions. Furthermore, problem lies in the fact that their intolerance and aggression can increase the stress levels in those who have to work with them. For instance, a type A personality can emerge to have many venerable facets, but these behaviour syndromes can be dysfunctional for the entity, and for others. However, Friedman and Schustack, (2009:pp391) states that ââ¬Å"the struggle of Type A person is most likely to be the one of a ââ¬Å"cholericâ⬠, angry against the arbitrary controls of his or her job or life. Such a p erson will also have generally interpersonal relationsâ⬠. However, there is currently high-quality confirmation that person who guide aggressive, resentfully, ready for action and ambitious lives are more likely to experience heart infection at the age of 45 than type B personality. In disagreeing with Friedman and Rosenman theories which suggest that Type B personality cannot easily get annoy and also that type A personality were three times more likely to suffer heart disease than type B, not all the type A persons suffer heart disease. For example, most people are type B, but they are not competitive, stressful, worried and hard to annoy, but have heart disease due to smoking or drinking alcohol or accident. According to Schill (2008) argue that, the type B personality loves social gathering, meeting with people, trek and be part of the groups and is often the centre of concentration. They love enthusiasm and are often impatient and difficult because of being a fattening ty pe of personality. However, not only the type A personality is impatient but also type B personality. You read "What is the relationship between personality and health?" in category "Essay examples" In addition, some persons can be both type A and B at the same time, it is irrelevant whether type A and B are related, what matters is that one person can become both type of personality. Moreover, many researchers argue that, is not only two-type of personality. A personality type is very broad and many, for example, type C and D personalities. According to Carbonell (2008) state that, type C personality is a person with cautious, competed, careful, compliant, contemplative and calculating. In clinical psychology and heart disease, written by (Molinari, Compare, and Parati, 2006) shows that, D personality type is an individual who feel anxious, unhappy, worry and have pessimistic vision of life and they can easily get irritated The big five personality traitsThe characters Neuroticismemotional instability, tend to be stressed, anxious, worrisome, restless and changeable, Openness(Nightmare, aesthetics, emotion, performance, information and values) Conscientiousness(Capability, command, dutifulness, and success determined, self-control, and reflection) Extraversionsociability, ferociousness, action, excitement-seeking, optimistic emotion Agreeableconviction, honesty, unselfishness, disobedience, humility, and caring, mindedness One of the major factors in personality traits, which relate to stress level upon individual, is neuroticism. According to Eysenck in wood (1985), neuroticism are people who are highly measured on emotional instability, tend to be stressed, anxious, worrisome, restless and changeable, while those who are low in neuroticism tend to be relaxed, stay peaceful, displeasure and stable. However, other researchers analyse openness, conscientiousness, extraversion and agreeable. However, openness is one of the factors of personality traits, which indicate how open-minded a person is. There are six characters describing openness such as dream, aesthetics, emotion, performance, information and values sprint on a variety commencing traveller at one tremendous to ââ¬Å"preserverâ⬠at the previous. The traveller (Openness+) traits are helpful for hypothetical scientists, architects, entrepreneurs, artists and modify agents. The preserver on the other hand, which is (Openness-) traits are useful for plan managers, practical scientists, theatre performers, and sponsorship managers (Costa, 1943, McCrae, 1949 in Buchannan and Huczynski, 2010). Furthermore, conscientiousness is also one of the personality traits that have traits such as capability, command, dutifulness, success determined, self-control, and reflection sprint from determined to flexible determined conscientiousness plus traits which are useful for leaders, senior executives and other high achievers, while flexible conscientiousness minus traits are useful for researchers, detectives and management consultant. While on the other hand, extraversion is part of personality traits that relate to human behaviours. The characters related to extraversion are sociability, ferociousness, action, excitement-seeking, and optimistic emotion. Lucas et al, (2000) in comprehensive handbook of personality and psychopathology written by Thomas, (2006) state that extraverts and hospitality are consequences of satisfying pe ople in organisation. They also argued that extraverts have tendency in the direction of antagonism and power in organisational behaviour. Therefore, social behaviours in organisation are a means of satisfying the need of rewarding personality in organisation. Agreeableness is referring to human being capability to get along among other people in organisation. Agreeableness causes a number of people to become moderate, helpful, pardoning, and considerate and good nature in their communication with other people in the workplace (Griffin, 2008). He also argued that highly agreeable persons would have a superior working relationship with other colleague, contributory and sophisticated manager in organisation than those with less agreeableness. It is clear that those with high agreeable behaviour will not have fastidious good working relationship with internal and external persons in organisation (Costa and McCrae, 1992). The reason why the five big factors of personality traits relates to stress level in organisational and individual is that it contains several factors of symptoms personality traits. For example, neuroticism is one of the factors that have negative emotional unstableness, which connects to introvert-neurotic and extravert-neurotic. Introvert-neuroticism has eight characters, which are calmness, unsociable, shyness, unenthusiastic, serious, inflexible, nervous and unstable. While extravert-neurotic have eight characters as well such as aggressive, restless, quick-tempered, excitable, changeable, impulsive, optimistic and active (Costa, 1943, McCrae, 1949 in Buchannan and Huczynski, 2010). One of the main reasons for management strategies is to reduce the stress levels on employees. Lehrer, et al, (2007) define stress management as a set of techniques used to help an individual to cope more effectively with difficult situation in order for them to feel good emotionally, improve behavioural skills and to enhance the feeling of the organisation. However, Cunningham (2000), states that stress management is define as interventions design to reduce the impact of stressors in workplace. Greenberg and Baron (2008) argued that pressure stems from many diverse factors and circumstances with the intention of eliminating it entirely from our lives. However, they state that organisations or companies still have many things to do in order to help reduce the stress level on employees. They also said that you can manage your own stress by using your time wisely, social support, eat a healthy diet and be physically fit, relax and meditation, get a good nightââ¬â¢s sleep and avoid i nappropriate self-talk. It is quite accepte for them to bring in different organized programs to help employees reduce and stop the stress levels. The reasons for these assumption is to help the employees minimize the adverse reactions to stress, so that they will be better, present, and consequently more industrious on the work which in return have positive effects on the foundation line of the organisations. It is clear that many companies in the world today have professionals in each program design to help manage the stress level of employee. The systematic programs designed to reduce the stress on employees are stress management programs, wellness programs and presents programs. That is to say, that the systematic programs designed for management is helpful to reduce the stress level on employees. In conclusion, types A personality seem to have link with behavioural syndrome than type B. it also increase an individual stress levels in organisation. However, much research has be conduct by different psychologies with different types of personalities; argue that is not only type A and B personality, but also type C and D personality. It is hard to conclude personality type with accuracy, For example, Schill (2008) argue that type B personality is impatient while the research conduct by Friedman and Rosenman 1974 in (Buchannan and Huczyski, 2010) state that B personality are patient. Not clear which part of personality types that cause stress level in organisation and individual. The correlation data-cannot assume causal link between the variables. In order to improve Friedman and Rosenman research there is a need to identify other types of personality and eliminate stress. References Antoniou G, A and Cooper L C. (2005). Research companion to organisational health psychology. United Kingdom. Edward Elgar Blonna, R. (2010). Stress less live more. USA. New harbinger Bury, M. (2005). Health and illness. Cambridge. Polity Buchanan A, D and Huczyski A, A. (2010). Organisational behaviour. England. Pearson Education Cunningham B, J. (2000). The stress management sourcebook. New York. McGraw-hill Cooley H, C. (2009). Human nature and the social order: seventh edition. New York. Transaction Costa P and McCrae R, R. (1992). NEO PI-R: professional manual. Odessa, Florida. Psychological assessment resources Friedman M, and Rosenman R, F. (1947). Type A behaviour and your heart. New York. Knopf Griffin W, R. (2008). Fundamentals of management. U.S.A. Houghton Miffin Greenberg J, and Baron A, R. (2008). Behaviour in organisations: ninth edition. New Jersey. Pearson Education Lehrer M, P. Woolfolk L, R and Sime E, W. (2007). Principle and practice of stress management. New York. Guilford press Molinari E Compare A and Parati G. (2006).clinical psychology and heart disease. Italy. Springer-verlag Simenett I. (1995). Managing health promotion: developing health organisations and communities. New York. John Wiley sons Schill B. (2008). Stalking darkness. U.S.A. Brian A schill Thomas C, J. (2006). Comprehensive handbook of personality and psychopathology. Canada. John Wiley sons World Health Organisation. (1992). The ICD-10 classification of mental and behavioural disorders: clinical. Switzerland. World Health Organisations Wood C. (1985: pp12). New scientist. The healthy neurotic. 105, 1442. 7 February How to cite What is the relationship between personality and health?, Essay examples luzrobinson197737http://www.blogger.com/profile/17044670122145841346noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8664184192367599492.post-24700602775552830082019-12-05T08:15:00.001-08:002019-12-05T08:15:06.018-08:00Definition of Courage free essay sample Over the past 3 years, Allison has never lost hope, she constantly strives for recovery and right now she is ready to face her results that will have an immense effect on her life. Allison is courageous. Courage is defined as the ability to do something that frightens one. One of the main factors in striving towards success is that of courage. The amount of courage you possess will determine how successful you are in the end. Courage is determination. Courage is bravery. Courage is being dauntless. By pursuing something that you are exceedingly fearful of, you demonstrate a vast amount of courage that most will never come to uphold. Courage is standing up and fighting for our country instead of ridiculing the government and saying war is unbeneficial. Courage does not have to be a grand act such as sprinting into a burning building in order to save numerous lives. An eleven year old kid confronting a vicious bully at school also requires a massive amount of bravery which in turn qualifies standing up for oneself an act of courage as well. We will write a custom essay sample on Definition of Courage or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Courage is shown in any situation where someone is confronting and overcoming anything they are uncomfortable with varying from waiting for life altering results to simply asking a crush out on a date for the first time. Courage is not power. Ruling over someone and making hasty decisions that will affect people other than oneself is not courage, such is confidence in authority. Courage is not fearlessness. Someone who is fearless has no doubts to overcome; therefore there would be no situation where courage could be expressed. Courage is definitely not anger, or rash action. Courage is generally always accompanied by fear, a plummeting gut, and quivering knees. Overall, courage is the seeming weak rising up against a supposed strong. Weather the weak will overpower the strong depends on how much courage the weak is willing to put forth. Weather Allison will recover from her disease depends on how much she is willing to fight against the horrible illness. Courage is an active characteristic that everyone is capable of displaying, but is actually shown by few. luzrobinson197737http://www.blogger.com/profile/17044670122145841346noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8664184192367599492.post-86809138308595101252019-11-28T12:48:00.001-08:002019-11-28T12:48:02.445-08:00Caring for the Agedluzrobinson197737http://www.blogger.com/profile/17044670122145841346noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8664184192367599492.post-36083534603664625082019-11-24T20:22:00.001-08:002019-11-24T20:22:04.941-08:00Islam and Postmodernism EssaysIslam and Postmodernism Essays Islam and Postmodernism Essay Islam and Postmodernism Essay p. 119. 19. Personal interview via e-mail, 23 October 2001. 20. Distorted Imagination: Lessons from the Rushdie Affair, Grey Seal, London, 1990. 21. Malise Ruthven, A Satanic Affair: Salman Rushdie and the Wrath of Islam, The Hogarth Press, London, 1990; revised edition, p. 186. 22. Postmodernism and the Other, Pluto Press, London, 1998. 23. Sardar with Merryl Wyn Davies and Ashis Nandy, Barbaric Others: A Manifesto on Western Racism, Pluto Press, London, 1993; Westview Press, Boulder, Colo. 1993, p. 3. 24. Ziauddin Sardar, ââ¬ËOn Serpents, Inevitability and the South Asian Imaginationââ¬â¢, Futures, 24 (9), pp. 942ââ¬â9 (November 1992). 25. ââ¬ËWhen the Pendulum Comes to Restââ¬â¢, in Sheila M. Moorcroft (editor), Visions for the 21st Century, Adamantine Press, London, 1992, p. 101. 26. Distorted Imagination, p. 276. 27. See Ziauddin Sardar, ââ¬ËDevelopment and the Location of Eurocentismââ¬â¢, in Ronaldo Munck and Denis Oââ¬â¢Hearn (editors) Critical Devel opment Theory: Contributions to a New Paradigm, Zed Books, London, 1999. 28. Ziauddin Sardar, ââ¬Ëalt. civilisation. aq: cyberspace as the darker side of the Westââ¬â¢, in Ziauddin Sardar and Jerome R. Ravetz (editors), Cyberfutures: Culture and Politics on the Information Superhighway, Pluto Press, London, 1996; also David Bell and Barbara M. Kennedy (editors), The Cyberspace Reader, Routledge, London, 2000, pp. 723ââ¬â52. 29. Ziauddin Sardar, ââ¬ËAsian Cultures: Between Programmed and Desired Futuresââ¬â¢, in Eleonora Masini and Yogesh Atal (editors), The Futures of Asian Cultures, Unesco, Bangkok, 1993; and Unesco, The Futures of Cultures, Unesco, Paris, 1994. 30. Personal interview via e-mail, 23 October 2001. 31. Ziauddin Sardar, ââ¬ËPaper, Printing and Compact Discs: The Making and Unmaking of Islamic Cultureââ¬â¢, Media, Culture, Society, 15, pp. 43ââ¬â59 (1992); see also Chapter 6 of this book. 32. Ibid. , p. 46. 33. ââ¬ËCurrying Favour With Traditionââ¬â¢, Herald (Glasgow), 29 April 1998, p. 27. 34. Postmodernism and the Other, p. 281. 35. Ziauddin Sardar, ââ¬ËWhat Makes a University Islamic? ââ¬â¢, in Sardar (editor) How We Know: Ilm and the Revival of Knowledge, Grey Seal, London, 1991. 36. Ziauddin Sardar, ââ¬ËWaiting for Rainââ¬â¢, New Scientist, 15 December 2001. 37. Originally published in Arts and the Islamic World, 21, pp. 5ââ¬â7 (Spring 1992); a revised version appeared in New Renaissance, 8 (1), pp. 14ââ¬â16, 1998. 38. ââ¬ËCurrying Favour With Traditionââ¬â¢. Islam 1 Rethinking Islam Serious rethinking within Islam is long overdue. Muslims have been comfortably relying, or rather falling back, on age-old interpretations for much too long . This is why we feel so painful in the contemporary world, so uncomfortable with modernity. Scholars and thinkers have been suggesting for well over a century that we need to make a serious attempt at ijtihad, at reasoned struggle and rethinking, to reform Islam. At the beginning of the last century, Jamaluddin Afghani and Muhammad Abduh led the call for a new ijtihad; and along the way many notable intellectuals, academics and sages have added to this plea ââ¬â not least Muhammad Iqbal, Malik bin Nabbi and Abdul Qadir Audah. Yet, ijtihad is one thing Muslim societies have singularly failed to undertake. Why? The ââ¬Ëwhyââ¬â¢ has acquired an added urgency after 11 September. What the fateful events of that day reveal, more than anything else, is the distance we have travelled away from the spirit and import of Islam. Far from being a liberating force, a kinetic social, cultural and intellectual dynamic for equality, justice and humane values, Islam seems to have acquired a pathological strain. Indeed, it seems to me that we have internalised all those historic and contemporary western representations of Islam and Muslims that have been demonising us for centuries. We now actually wear the garb, I have to confess, of the very demons that the west has been projecting on our collective personality. But to blame the west, or a notion of instrumental modernity that is all but alien to us, would be a lazy option. True, the west, and particularly America, has a great deal to answer for. And Muslims are quick to point a finger at the injustices committed by American and European foreign policies and hegemonic tendencies. However, that is only a part, and in my opinion not an insurmountable part, of the malaise. Hegemony is not always imposed; sometimes, it is invited. The internal situation within Islam is an open invitation. We have failed to respond to the summons to ijtihad for some very profound reasons. Prime amongst these is the fact that the context of our sacred texts ââ¬â the Qurââ¬â¢an and the examples of the Prophet Muhammad, our absolute frame of reference ââ¬â has been frozen in history. One can only have an interpretative relationship with a text 27 28 Islam, Postmodernism and Other Futures ââ¬â even more so if the text is perceived to be eternal. But if the interpretative context of the text is never our context, not our own time, then its interpretation can hardly have any real meaning or significance for us as we are now. Historic interpretations constantly drag us back to history, to frozen and ossified contexts of long ago; worse, to perceived and romanticised contexts that have not even existed in history. This is why, while Muslims have a strong emotional attachment to Islam, Islam per se, as a worldview and system of ethics, has little or no direct relevance to their daily lives apart from the obvious concerns of rituals and worship. Ijtihad and fresh thinking have not been possible because there is no context within which they can actually take place. The freezing of interpretation, the closure of ââ¬Ëthe gates of ijtihadââ¬â¢, has had a devastating effect on Muslim thought and action. In particular, it has produced what I can only describe as three metaphysical catastrophes: the elevation of the Shariââ¬â¢ah to the level of the Divine, with the consequent removal of agency from the believers, and the equation of Islam with the state. Let me elaborate. Most Muslims consider the Shariââ¬â¢ah, commonly translated as ââ¬ËIslamic lawââ¬â¢, to be divine. Yet, there is nothing divine about the Shariââ¬â¢ah. The only thing that can legitimately be described as divine in Islam is the Qurââ¬â¢an. The Shariââ¬â¢ah is a human construction; an attempt to understand the divine will in a particular context. This is why the bulk of the Shariââ¬â¢ah actually consists of fiqh or jurisprudence, which is nothing more than legal opinion of classical jurists. The very term fiqh was not in vogue before the Abbasid period when it was actually formulated and codified. But when fiqh assumed its systematic legal form, it incorporated three vital aspects of Muslim society of the Abbasid period. At that juncture, Muslim history was in its expansionist phase, and fiqh ncorporated the logic of Muslim imperialism of that time. The fiqh rulings on apostasy, for example, derive not from the Qurââ¬â¢an but from this logic. Moreover, the world was simple and could easily be divided into black and white: hence, the division of the world into dar al-Islam and dar al-harb. Furthermore, as the framers of law were not by this stage managers of society, the law became merely theory which could not be modified ââ¬â the framers of the law were unable to see where the faults lay and what aspect of the law needed fresh thinking and reformulation. Thus fiqh, as we know it today, evolved on the basis of a division between those who were governing and set themselves apart from society and those who were framing the law; the epistemological Rethinking Islam 29 assumptions of a ââ¬Ëgoldenââ¬â¢ phase of Muslim history also came into play. When we describe the Shariââ¬â¢ah as divine, we actually provide divine sanctions for the rulings of bygone fiqh. What this means in reality is that when Muslim countries apply or impose the Shariââ¬â¢ah ââ¬â which is what Muslims from Indonesia to Nigeria demand ââ¬â the contradictions that were inherent in the formulation and evolution of fiqh come to the fore. That is why wherever the Shariââ¬â¢ah is imposed ââ¬â that is, fiqhi legislation is applied, out of context from the time when it was formulated and out of step with ours ââ¬â Muslim societies acquire a medieval feel. We can see that in Saudi Arabia, the Sudan and the Taliban Afghanistan. When narrow adherence to fiqh, to the dictates of this or that school of thought, whether it has any relevance to real world or not, becomes the norm, ossification sets in. The Shariââ¬â¢ah will solve all our problemsââ¬â¢ becomes the common sentiment; and it becomes necessary for a group with vested interests in this notion of the Shariââ¬â¢ah to preserve its territory, the source of its power and prestige, at all costs. An outmoded body of law is thus equated with the Shariââ¬â¢ah, and criticism is shunned and outlawed by appealing to its divine nature. The elevation of the Shariââ¬â¢ah to the divine level also means the believers themselves have no agency: since the law is a priori given, people themselves have nothing to do except to follow it. Believers thus become passive receivers rather than active seekers of truth. In reality, the Shariââ¬â¢ah is nothing more than a set of principles, a framework of values, that provide Muslim societies with guidance. But these sets of principles and values are not a static given but are dynamically derived within changing contexts. As such, the Shariââ¬â¢ah is a problem-solving methodology rather than law. 1 It requires the believers to exert themselves and constantly reinterpret the Qurââ¬â¢an and look at the life of the Prophet Muhammad with ever changing fresh eyes. Indeed, the Qurââ¬â¢an has to be reinterpreted from epoch to epoch ââ¬â which means that the Shariââ¬â¢ah, and by extension Islam itself, has to be reformulated with changing contexts. 2 The only thing that remains constant in Islam is the text of the Qurââ¬â¢an itself ââ¬â its concepts providing the anchor for ever changing interpretations. Islam is not so much a religion as an integrative worldview: that is to say, it integrates all aspects of reality by providing a moral perspective on every aspect of human endeavour. Islam does not provide ready-made answers to all human problems; it provides a moral and just perspective within which Muslims must endeavour to 30 Islam, Postmodernism and Other Futures find answers to all human problems. But if everything is a priori given, in the shape of a divine Shariââ¬â¢ah, then Islam is reduced to a totalistic ideology. Indeed, this is exactly what the Islamic movements ââ¬â in particularly Jamaat-e-Islami (both Pakistani and Indian varieties) and the Muslim Brotherhood ââ¬â have reduced Islam to. Which brings me to the third metaphysical catastrophe. Place this ideology within a nation-state, with divinely attributed Shariââ¬â¢ah at its centre, and you have an ââ¬ËIslamic stateââ¬â¢. All contemporary ââ¬ËIslamic statesââ¬â¢, from Iran, Saudi Arabia, the Sudan to aspiring Pakistan, are based on this ridiculous assumption. But once Islam, as an ideology, becomes a programme of action of a vested group, it looses its humanity and becomes a battlefield where morality, reason and justice are readily sacrificed at the altar of emotions. Moreover, the step from a totalistic ideology to a totalitarian order where every human situation is open to state arbitration is a small one. The transformation of Islam into a state-based political ideology not only deprives it of all its moral and ethical content, it also debunks most of Muslim history as un-Islamic. Invariably, when Islamists rediscover a ââ¬Ëgoldenââ¬â¢ past, they do so only in order to disdain the present and mock the future. All we are left with is messianic chaos, as we saw so vividly in the Taliban regime, where all politics as the domain of action is paralysed and meaningless pieties become the foundational truth of the state. The totalitarian vision of Islam as a state thus transforms Muslim politics into a metaphysics: in such an enterprise, every action can be justified as ââ¬ËIslamicââ¬â¢ by the dictates of political expediency as we witnessed in revolutionary Iran. The three metaphysical catastrophes are accentuated by an overall process of reduction that has become the norm in Muslim societies. The reductive process itself is also not new; but now it has reached such an absurd state that the very ideas that are supposed to take Muslim societies towards humane values now actually take them in the opposite direction. From the subtle beauty of a perennial challenge to construct justice through mercy and compassion, we get mechanistic formulae fixated with the extremes repeated by people convinced they have no duty to think for themselves because all questions have been answered for them by the classical ulema, far better men long dead. And because everything carries the brand name of Islam, to question it, or argue against it, is tantamount to voting for sin. The process of reduction started with the very notion of alim (scholar) itself. Just who is an alim? hat makes him an authority? Rethinking Islam 31 In early Islam, an alim was anyone who acquired ilm, or knowledge, which was itself described in a broad sense. We can see that in the early classifications of knowledge by such scholars as al-Kindi, alFarabi, ibn Sina, al-Ghazzali and ibn Khauldun. Indeed, both the definition of knowledge and its classification was a major intellectual activity in classical Islam. 3 So all learned men, scientist s as well as philosophers, scholars as well as theologians, constituted the ulema. But after the ââ¬Ëgates of ijtihadââ¬â¢ were closed during the Abbasid era, ilm was increasing reduced to religious knowledge and the ulema came to constitute only religious scholars. Similarly, the idea of ijma, the central notion of communal life in Islam, has been reduced to the consensus of a select few. Ijma literally means consensus of the people. The concept dates back to the practice of Prophet Muhammad himself as leader of the original polity of Muslims. When the Prophet Muhammad wanted to reach a decision, he would call the whole Muslim community ââ¬â then, admittedly not very large ââ¬â to the mosque. A discussion would ensue; arguments for and against would be presented. Finally, the entire gathering would reach a consensus. Thus, a democratic spirit was central to communal and political life in early Islam. But over time the clerics and religious scholars have removed the people from the equation ââ¬â and reduced ijma to ââ¬Ëthe consensus of the religious scholarsââ¬â¢. Not surprisingly, authoritarianism, theocracy and despotism reign supreme in the Muslim world. The political domain finds its model in what has become the accepted practice and metier of the authoritatively ââ¬Ëreligiousââ¬â¢ adepts, those who claim the monopoly of the exposition of Islam. Obscurantist mullahs, in the guise of the ulema, dominate Muslim societies and circumscribe them with fanaticism and absurdly reductive logic. Numerous other concepts have gone through a similar process of reduction. The concept of ummah, the global spiritual community of Muslims, has been reduced to the ideals of a nation state: ââ¬Ëmy country right or wrongââ¬â¢ has been transposed to read ââ¬Ëmy ummah right or wrongââ¬â¢. So even despots like Saddam Hussein are now defended on the basis of ââ¬Ëummah consciousnessââ¬â¢ and ââ¬Ëunity of the ummahââ¬â¢. Jihad has now been reduced to the single meaning of ââ¬ËHoly Warââ¬â¢. This translation is perverse not only because the conceptââ¬â¢s spiritual, intellectual and social components have been stripped away, but because it has been reduced to war by any means, including terrorism. So anyone can now declare jihad on anyone, without any ethical or moral rhyme or reason. Nothing could be 32 Islam, Postmodernism and Other Futures more perverted, or pathologically more distant from the initial meaning of jihad. Its other connotations, including personal struggle, intellectual endeavour, and social construction have all but evaporated. Istislah, normally rendered as ââ¬Ëpublic interestââ¬â¢ and a major source of Islamic law, has all but disappeared from Muslim consciousness. And ijtihad, as I have suggested, has now been reduced to little more than a pious desire. But the violence performed to sacred Muslim concepts is insignificant compared to the reductive way the Qurââ¬â¢an and the sayings and examples of the Prophet Muhammad are bandied about. What the late Muslim scholar Fazlur Rahman called the ââ¬Ëatomisticââ¬â¢ treatment of the Qurââ¬â¢an is now the norm: almost anything and everything is justified by quoting individual bits of verses out of context. 4 After the September 11 event, for example, a number of Taliban supporters, including a few in Britain, justified their actions by quoting the following verse: ââ¬ËWe will put terror into the hearts of the unbelievers. They serve other gods for whom no sanction has been revealed. Hell shall be their homeââ¬â¢ (3:149). Yet, the apparent meaning attributed to this verse could not be further from the true spirit of the Qurââ¬â¢an. In this particular verse, the Qurââ¬â¢an is addressing the Prophet Muhammad himself. It was revealed during the battle of Uhad, when the small and ill-equipped army of the Prophet faced a much larger and better-equipped enemy. He was concerned about the outcome of the battle. The Qurââ¬â¢an reassures him and promises that the enemy will be terrified by the Prophetââ¬â¢s unprofessional army. Seen in its context, it is not a general instruction to all Muslims; it is a commentary on what was happening at that time. Similarly hadith are quoted to justify the most extreme behaviours. And the Prophetââ¬â¢s own appearance, his beard and clothes, have been turned into a fetish: so now it is not just obligatory for a ââ¬Ëgood Muslimââ¬â¢ to have a beard, but its length and shape must also conform to dictates! The Prophet has been reduced to signs and symbols ââ¬â the spirit of his behaviour, the moral and ethical dimensions of his actions, his humility and compassion, the general principles he advocated, have all been subsumed by the logic of absurd reduction. The accumulative effect of the metaphysical catastrophes and endless reduction has transformed the cherished tenets of Islam into instruments of militant expediency and moral bankruptcy. For over two decades, I have been arguing that Muslim civilisation is now so fragmented and shattered that we have to rebuild it, ââ¬Ëbrick by brickââ¬â¢. It is now obvious that Islam itself has to be rethought, idea by idea. Rethinking Islam 33 We need to begin with the simple fact that Muslims have no monopoly on truth, on what is right, on what is good, on justice, nor on the intellectual and moral reflexes that promote these necessities. Like the rest of humanity, we have to struggle to achieve them using our own sacred notions and con cepts as tools for understanding and reshaping contemporary reality. The way to a fresh, contemporary appreciation of Islam requires confronting the metaphysical catastrophes and moving away from reduction to synthesis. Primarily, this requires Muslims, as individuals and communities, to reclaim agency: to insist on their right and duty, as believers and knowledgeable people, to interpret and reinterpret the basic sources of Islam: to question what now goes under the general rubric of Shariââ¬â¢ah, to declare that much of fiqh is now dangerously obsolete, to stand up to the absurd notion of an Islam confined by a geographically bound state. We cannot, if we really value our faith, leave its exposition in the hands of undereducated elites, religious scholars whose lack of comprehension of the contemporary world is usually matched only by their disdain and contempt for all its ideas and cultural products. Islam has been permitted to languish as the professional domain of people more familiar with the world of the eleventh century than that of the twenty-first century we now inhabit. And we cannot allow this class to bury the noble idea of ijtihad in frozen and distant history. Ordinary Muslims around the world who have concerns, questions and considerable moral dilemmas about the current state of affairs of Islam must reclaim the basic concepts of Islam and reframe them in a broader context. Ijma must mean consensus of all citizens leading to participatory and accountable governance. Jihad must be understood in its complete spiritual meaning as the struggle for peace and justice as a lived reality for all people everywhere. And the notion of the ummah must be refined so it becomes something more than a mere reductive abstraction. As Anwar Ibrahim has argued, the ummah is not ââ¬Ëmerely the community of all those who profess to be Muslimsââ¬â¢; rather, it is a ââ¬Ëmoral conception of how Muslims should become a community in relation to each other, other communities and the natural worldââ¬â¢. Which means ummah incorporates not just the Muslims, but justice-seeking and oppressed people everywhere. 6 In a sense, the movement towards synthesis is an advance towards the primary meaning and message of Islam ââ¬â as a moral and ethical way of looking at and shaping the world, as a 4 Islam, Postmodernism and Other Futures domain of peaceful civic culture, a participatory endeavour, and a holistic mode of knowing, being and doing. If the events of 11 September unleash the best intentions, the essential values of Islam, the phoenix will truly have arisen from the ashes of the twin towers. Notes 1. For a more elaborate exposition, see ââ¬ËThe Shariââ¬â¢ah as Problem-Solving Methodologyââ¬â¢, Cha pter 5 of Ziauddin Sardar, Islamic Futures: The Shape of Ideas to Come, Mansell, London, 1985. 2. I first argued this thesis in The Future of Muslim Civilisation, Croom Helm, London, 1979; second edition, Mansell, London, 1987. 3. See Franz Rosenthal, Knowledge Triumphant, Brill, Leiden, 1970. 4. Fazlur Rahman, Major Themes of the Qurââ¬â¢an, Biblioteca Islamica, Chicago, 1980. 5. Ziuaddin Sardar, The Future of Muslim Civilisation. 6. Anwar Ibrahim, ââ¬ËThe Ummah and Tomorrowââ¬â¢s Worldââ¬â¢, Futures, 23 (3), pp. 302ââ¬â10 (April 1991). Source: Originally published in Seminar, 509, January 2002, pp. 48ââ¬â51. 2 Reconstructing Muslim Civilisation When thinking and writing about Islam, most Muslim intellectuals, both modernists and traditionalists, work within a very narrow and confining canvas. Islam is often presented as a religious outlook: the modernists are happy to confine Islam to the boundaries of personal piety, belief and rituals: while the traditionalists always describe Islam as ââ¬Ëa complete way of lifeââ¬â¢. What is meant by the phrase is that Islam touches all aspects of human living ââ¬â particularly the social, economic, educational and political behaviour of man. However, while these approaches to the study of Islam are extremely useful, they are restrictive. Each approach itself determines the boundary of exposition: note that in their monumental output, both Maulana Maududi and Syed Qutb find no space for discussing epistemology and science, technology and environment, urbanisation and development ââ¬â all burning, indeed pressing, issues for contemporary Muslim societies as well as for the dominant west. Moreover, the picture of the ââ¬ËIslamic way of lifeââ¬â¢ that emerges from these authors is a very atomised and segregated one. While Islam is presented as a complete way of life, the various aspects of human living, economic activity, political behaviour, educational development, are treated in isolation from each other as though each had no real bearing on the others. There is no integrated, interdisciplinary methodology in action in Maulana Maududiââ¬â¢s or Syed Qutbââ¬â¢s work. The result is that while it is repeatedly emphasised that Islam is a ââ¬Ëcomplete way of lifeââ¬â¢, nowhere is it really represented as an integrated, holistic worldview. More recently, Sayyid Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr and Sheikh Murtada Mutahhari showed much promise in developing an interdisciplinary methodology from within the realms of traditional scholars. Sayyid Baqir al-Sadr did much work on an integrated Islamic political economy. Sheikh Mutahhari, with his strong background in philosophy and irfan (gnosis) tried to apply these to contemporary sociopolitical realities. Both these scholars were martyred in their forties, cutting short their promising initiatives. In a different vein, this time from the ranks of modern scholars, Ali 35 36 Islam, Postmodernism and Other Futures Shariati devoted much effort to developing a multidisciplinary base for an Islamic worldview. His hectic schedule and early death did not allow him to systematise his thoughts into a theory and his ideas remain scattered in numerous articles and lectures. The more avant-garde Muslim intellectuals have sought to project Islam as an ethical system. For example, in his essay ââ¬ËIslam, the concept of religion and the foundation of ethics and moralityââ¬â¢, Naqib al-Attas argues that din of Islam can be reduced to four primary significations: indebtedness, submissiveness, judicial power and natural inclination. He then proceeds to present Islam as a ââ¬Ënaturalââ¬â¢ social and ethical system. Parvez Manzoor equates the Shariââ¬â¢ah to an ethical system and has used his analysis to develop a contemporary Islamic theory of the environment. 2 The exposition of Islam as an ethical system takes us a step further. An underlying ethical system can permeate all human endeavours an d questions of ethics can be raised in all contemporary situations whether they involve the impact of science on Muslim societies or of technology on the natural environment or of planning on the built environment. And, because everything is examined from the perspective of a total ethical system, a more integrated and coherent exposition of Islam comes to the fore. However, reducing Islam to one denominator, namely ethics, is still very confining. The excessive concern with ethics generates an illusion of moral superiority and ignorance of power realities. In Islam, ethics is a pragmatic concern: it must shape individual and social behaviour. But methodologically, discussion and analysis of ethical criteria ââ¬â what is right and wrong, what are our duties and obligations ââ¬â produces a strange mirage. It leads to the erroneous belief that by doing right, by being righteous, by fulfilling our duty, Muslim societies, and hence Islam, will triumph and become dominant. Ethical analysis substitutes piety for pragmatic policy, morality for power, and righteousness for bold and imaginative planning. Piety, morality, righteousness are the beginning of Islam: they are not an end in themselves. Ethics is our navigational equipment: it is not the end of our journey. Ethics ensures that we tread the right path, avoiding pitfalls and quicksand, and reach our intended destination. But within the ethical geography, there are no limitations to where we take ourselves and our societies. We can only give our imagination and intellect full reign, something that is demanded of us by God, if we think, conceive and study Islam as a living, dynamic civilisation of the future. Only by Reconstructing Muslim Civilisation 37 approaching Islam as a civilisation can we really do full justice to the din of Islam. It is worth noting that when Naquib al-Attas discusses the many manifestations of din, he stops short of noting that one connotation of din is medina, the city state which marked the beginning of Islamic civilisation. From Medina onwards, Islam ceased to be just a religion or an ethical system or even a political institution ââ¬â it became a civilisation. And it has continued to be a civilisation since: Islam was a civilisation as much in its ââ¬ËGolden Ageââ¬â¢ as during its nadir under colonialism; and, it continues to be a civilisation now that the Muslim world has been divided into 50 or so Muslim ââ¬Ënation-statesââ¬â¢. However, whenever Muslim writers and intellectuals have discussed Islam as a civilisation, it has always been as a historic civilisation; never as a contemporary or a future civilisation. By limiting the civilisational aspects of Islam to history, they have neglected its future. Moreover, they have concentrated discussion on either the self-evident aspects of Islam such as ethics and belief or further increased the fossilisation of the already stagnant body of jurisprudence, legal thought and scholastic philosophy. Unless we break this suffocating mould, Muslim societies are doomed to a marginalised existence. Furthermore, only by presenting Islam as a living, dynamic civilisation, with all that that entails, can we really meet the challenge that comes to us from the west. Encounters in the arena of religion and theology, philosophy and ethics, may generate good intellectual writings, but, essentially, they are marginal. But an encounter of two civilisations, seeking rapprochement as well as asserting their own identities, is a completely different phenomenon. Only such an engagement can produce a beneficial dialogue and mutual respect between two equals. At this juncture of our history, however, we are not in a position to present Islam as a total civilisation. Having failed to do our homework in this area, we find ourselves as a rather truncated and limping civilisation. Many of our essential civilisational features, having been neglected for over four centuries, are dormant and in urgent need of serious surgery. Islam and Muslim societies are like a magnificent but old building on which time, and years of neglect, have taken their toll. The foundations are very solid, but the brickwork needs urgent attention. We need to reconstruct the Muslim civilisation; almost brick by brick, rebuilding the House of Islam from the foundations upwards. 38 Islam, Postmodernism and Other Futures The reconstruction of Muslim civilisation is essentially a process of elaborating the worldview of Islam. The ââ¬Ëcomplete way of lifeââ¬â¢ group of scholars are content with restating the classical and traditional positions as if the old jurists and scholars had solved all the problems of humanity for all time! The avant-garde seems to believe that casting contemporary concerns in ethical moulds is enough. We need to go beyond all this and produce distinctively Islamic alternatives and solutions to the vast array of problems faced by our societies. We need to do this by producing a whole array of theoretical alternatives and by demonstrating these alternatives practically. I am talking not of abstract, metaphysical theories: we have enough of these. I am talking about a pragmatic theoretical edifice that gives contemporary meaning to the eternal guidelines laid down in the Qurââ¬â¢an and the Sunnah. I am talking about a body of theory that can be translated into policy statements and produce practical models that can guide us towards a complete state of Islam. The reconstruction of Muslim civilisation is both a theoretical and a practical process, each feeding on the other; theory shaping practice and behaviour and practice polishing the theory. But even before we take the initial steps towards reconstruction of our civilisation, we must begin to think, individually and collectively, like a civilisation. Our commitment and aspirations should be directed not towards some parochial objectives, but towards a civilisational plane. We, the Muslim ummah, are a holistic aggregate ââ¬â despite the fact that we at present live in different polities, come from a kaleidoscope of ethnic backgrounds, hold and express a complex array of opinions and ideas, are united by a ingle worldview, the hallmark of our civilisation. That means that our political differences are only temporary; and we should behave as though they are temporary. It also means that the old differences of opinion and expression between us should be placed on the lowest rung of history. While history should always be with us, we should not live in it. In general, civilisations have been studied in terms of large historic units. For example, in his A Study of History, A. J. Toynbee3 points to 21 civilisations in the known history of the world, each with distinctive characteristics, but all sharing certain features or qualities which enable them to be distinguished as members of the same category. Sociologists speak of ââ¬Ëmodern civilisationââ¬â¢, by which is meant contemporary urban and industrialised societies. These approaches to the study of civilisation ââ¬Ëfixââ¬â¢ them to a particular Reconstructing Muslim Civilisation 39 historic epoch. Thus, by definition, civilisation becomes a historic entity with a finite lifetime. Ibn Khaldun spoke of the rise and fall of civilisations thus presenting a cyclic view of history. 4 But Muslim civilisation is no more fixed to a particular historic epoch or geographical space than the teachings of the Qurââ¬â¢an and the Sunnah. The Muslim civilisation is a historic continuum; it has existed in the past, it exists today and it will exist in the future. Each step towards the future requires a further elaboration of the worldview of Islam, an invocation of the dynamic principle of ijtihad which enables the Muslim civilisation to tune in to the changing circumstances. Whether it is rising or declining, or indeed purely static, depends on the effort exerted by the Muslim ummah to understand and elaborate the teachings of Islam to meet the new challenges. There are essentially seven major challenges before us. However, none of these can be tackled in isolation. If we were to describe the Muslim civilisation as a flower-shaped schema, then we can identify the seven areas which need contemporary elaboration. The centre of the flower, the core, represents the Islamic worldview: it produces seeds for future growth and evelopment. The core is surrounded by two concentric circles representing the major manifestations of the Islamic worldview: epistemology and the Shariââ¬â¢ah or law. The four primary petals represent the major external expressions of the Weltanschauung: political and social structures; economic enterprise; science and technology; and environment. The flower also has a number of secondary petals representing such areas as architecture, art, education, community development, social behaviour and so on, but here we will limit our discussion to the primary petals. A detailed elaboration of the ââ¬Ëflowerââ¬â¢ and hence the development of a theoretical edifice, practical models and distinctive methodologies is an essential prerequisite for the reconstruction of Muslim civilisation. For example, the worldview of Islam needs to be continuously elaborated so that we can understand new developments vis-a-vis Islam. Essentially, the worldview of Islam consists of a few principles and a matrix of concepts to be found in the Qurââ¬â¢an and the Sunnah. The principles outline the general rules of behaviour and development and chalk out the general boundaries within which the Muslim civilisation has to grow and flourish. The conceptual matrix performs two basic functions: it acts as a standard of measure, a barometer if you like, of the ââ¬ËIslamicnessââ¬â¢ of a particular situation, and it serves as a basis for the elaboration of the worldview of Islam. 40 Islam, Postmodernism and Other Futures Figure 2. 1 The challenges before us The principles of the Islamic worldview, largely related to social, economic and political behaviour, have been well discussed in Islamic literature. For example, the principle forbidding riba (all forms of usury) has been written about extensively. However, to turn it into a fully-fledged theory, and develop working models from it, we need to operationalise and develop a contemporary understanding of the relevant concepts from the conceptual matrix. For example, we need to have a detailed and analytical understanding of such concepts as shura (co-operating for the good), zakah (alms), and zulm (tyranny). Each one of these and many other concepts needs to be elaborated so that it becomes a fully developed body of knowledge from which further theoretical understanding can be derived and practical models developed. The most interesting feature of the worldview of Islam is that it presents an interactive and integrated outlook. Therefore, a contemporary understanding of one concept, say istislah (public Reconstructing Muslim Civilisation 41 interest), may lead to a theoretical understanding of economics, science, technology, environment and politics. Similarly, lack of understanding of a key concept may thwart developments in all these fields. A primary task, without which all future work will be hampered, is the development of a contemporary theory of Islamic epistemology. Epistemology, or theory of knowledge, is in fact nothing more than an expression of a worldview. All great Muslim scholars of the ââ¬ËGolden Ageââ¬â¢ devoted their talents and time to this task: for epistemology permeates all aspects of individual, societal and civilisational behaviour. 5 Without a distinct epistemology, a unique civilisation is impossible. Without a way of knowing that is identifiably Islamic we can neither elaborate the worldview of Islam nor put an Islamic stamp on contemporary issues. For the Muslim scholars of the past, an Islamic civilisation was inconceivable without a fully-fledged epistemology; hence their preoccupation with the classification of knowledge. Without the same concern amongst contemporary Muslim scholars and intellectuals, there is little hope of a Muslim civilisation of the future. Why is epistemology so important? Epistemology is vital because it is the major operator which transforms the vision of a worldview into a reality. When we think about the nature of knowledge, what we are doing is indirectly reflecting on the principles according to which society is organised. Epistemology and societal structures feed on each other: when we manipulate images of society, when we develop and erect social, economic, political, scientific and technological structures, we are taking a cue from our conception of knowledge. This is why the Islamic concept of knowledge, ilm, is so central to the Muslim civilisation. However, for some reason, thinking about the nature of knowledge in western societies has been an abstract and obscure endeavour; it has led the western philosophers to a paralysis of mind. But as the history of Islam demonstrates so clearly, issues of Islamic epistemology are pragmatic issues; and we need to develop a highly pragmatic, contemporary epistemology of Islam. Classical scholars like al-Ghazzali, al-Baruni, al-Farabi, al-Khawarizmi, and others, have laid a solid foundation for a practical epistemology of Islam. Their work has to be dragged from history and given a dynamic, modern form. It is one of the most urgent tasks awaiting the attention of Muslim scholars. 42 Islam, Postmodernism and Other Futures The Shariââ¬â¢ah, or Islamic law, too is a pragmatic concern. Shariââ¬â¢ah, rather than theology, has been the primary contribution of Muslim civilisation to human development. Like epistemology, the Shariââ¬â¢ah touches every aspect of Muslim society. It is law and ethics rolled into one. As Parvez Manzoor says, all contradictions of internalised ethics and externalised law, of concealed intentions and revealed actions are resolved in the allembracing actionalism of the Shariââ¬â¢ah because it is both a doctrine and a path. It is simultaneously a manifestation of divine will and that of human resolve to be an agent of that will. It is eternal (anchored in Godââ¬â¢s revelation) and temporal (enacted in human history); stable (Qurââ¬â¢an and Sunnah ) and dynamic (ijma and ijtihad); din (religion) and muamalah (social interaction); divine gift and human prayer all at once. It is the vary basis of the religion itself: to be Muslim is to accept the injunction of the Shariââ¬â¢ah. 6 Yet, we have allowed such a paramount and all-pervasive manifestation of the Islamic worldview to become nothing more than an ossified body of dos and donââ¬â¢ts. Without a deep and detailed contemporary and futuristic understanding of the Shariââ¬â¢ah, Muslim societies cannot hope to solve their local, national and international problems. The belief that the classical Schools of Islamic Thought have solved all societal problems is dangerously naive. We need to go beyond the classical schools and build a contemporary structure on the foundations laid down by earlier jurists. What is needed is not a reworking of the classical works in the realm of prayer and ritual, personal and social relations, marriage and divorce, dietary laws and rules of fasting: these have been taken care of admirably. What is needed is the extension of the Shariââ¬â¢ah into contemporary domains such as environment and urban planning, science policy and technology assessment, community participation and rural development. In many instances this amounts to reactivating hitherto dormant Shariââ¬â¢ah concepts and institutions and giving them a contemporary life. For example, the Shariââ¬â¢ah injunctions about water laws need to be studied from the perspective of modern environmental problems, and such Shariââ¬â¢ah institutions as harem (inviolate zones of easement), hima (public reserves), and hisbah (office of public inspection) have to be given a living form. Moreover, the Shariââ¬â¢ah needs to be extended beyond law and turned into a dynamic problem-solving methodology. Most jurists Reconstructing Muslim Civilisation 43 would agree that the chief sources of the Shariââ¬â¢ah are the Qurââ¬â¢an; the Sunnah, or the authentic traditions of the Prophet Muhammad; ijma, or the consensus of opinion; qiyas, or judgement upon juristic analogy and ijtihad, or independent reasoning by jurists. The supplementary sources of the Shariââ¬â¢ah are said to be istihsan, that is prohibiting or permitting a thing because it serves or does not serve a ââ¬Ëuseful purposeââ¬â¢; istislah, or public interest; and urf or custom and practice of a society. Classical jurists used ijma, qiyas, ijtihad, istihsan, istislah and urf as methods of solving practical problems. It is indeed tragic that their followers have abandoned the methods and stuck to the actual juristic rulings despite that fact their benefits were obviously limited to a particular historic situation. The blind following of these rulings has not only turned the body of the Shariââ¬â¢ah into a fossilised canon but now threatens to suffocate the very civilisation of Islam. Relegating the pronouncements of classical jurists into eternal principles and rules is not only belittling the Shariââ¬â¢ah, it is detrimental to Muslim societies as well. The reconstruction of Muslim civilisation begins by setting the Shariââ¬â¢ah free from this suffocating hold and giving it the status it truly deserves in the Muslim civilisation; a dynamic problem-solving methodology which touches every aspect of human endeavour. We now come to the four external expressions of the Islamic Weltanschauung. All four areas have received attention in modern Islamic literature: political theory and economics have received extensive attention for almost 30 years now; science, technology and the environment have only recently begun to be studied from the Islamic perspective. Thus, there is plenty of original scholarship here to build upon and to streamline within a civilisational framework. Islamic economics, in particular, has developed considerably in the last decade. However, much of modern work in Islamic economics has been descriptive; and most of it has been trapped in western epistemological concerns and economic frameworks. Indeed, with the sole exception of Nawab Haider Naqviââ¬â¢s Ethics and Economics: An Islamic Synthesis,7 works on Islamic economics have used description (excessive in the work of Nejatullah Siddiqui) and reduction (overdone in the writing of Monzar Kahf). Moreover, Islamic economics has been developed as a ââ¬Ëdisciplineââ¬â¢ (a shadow of western economics perhaps? ) and not as an integrated field destined to become a pillar of the Muslim civilisation. Note that Nejatullah Siddiquiââ¬â¢s Muslim Economic Thinking: A Survey of Contemporary 44 Islam, Postmodernism and Other Futures Literature8 does not contain a single citation linking economics to political theory, science and technology or the environment. Considering that technology is the backbone of modern economics, information a prime commodity, environmental degradation a major outcome, it is indeed surprising that the advocates of Islamic economics are silent on these issues. The atomised development of Islamic economics as a unitary discipline, and an obsessive concern with western epistemology, have elegated it to a marginalised existence. Perhaps this is an unfair criticism. But the fact remains that any major advances in Islamic economics can only be made if it becomes a truly interdisciplinary field of endeavour pursued within a civilisational framework. Much the same criticism can be made of the recent works on Islamic political structures and social organisations. M ost of the writings here are trapped in the mould cast by the nation-state and such concepts of western political theory as nationalism, democracy, socialism, bureaucracy and the like. Such works as The Nature of the Islamic State by M. Hadi Hussain and A. H. Kamali9 beg the obvious question: Is Islam a state? Is the nation-state the only expression of an Islamic polity? When it comes to the issue of governance, Muslim political scientists reveal themselves to be true victims of history; only monarchy or Caliphate, best exemplified by Maulana Maududiââ¬â¢s (as yet not translated into English) controversial Urdu treatise, Caliphate or Mulukiat (Caliphate or Kingship? )10 appear to be the viable options to most authors! In the vast universe of ideas that is Islam, is there no other method of governance? Apart from political theory, social structures have also received little interdisciplinary attention. Syed Qutb and Ali Shariati are among the very few who seem to have realised that social exploitation is a dominant theme in Muslim society (an excellent treatment of which is to be found in Syed Qutbââ¬â¢s Social Justice in Islam). 11 The related issues of population and urban decay, the blatant exploitation of women, community development and cultural awareness are conspicuously absent from the social analysis of modern Muslim writers. Both in the fields of political and social structures and of economics, we need interdisciplinary theories, models and methodologies which synthesise these fields with Islamic epistemology and the Shariââ¬â¢ah as well as with the other main external expressions of the worldview of Islam: science and technology and the environment. Very little has been written about the environmental perspective of Islam. However, the few works on the subject are of exceptionally Reconstructing Muslim Civilisation 45 good quality and concentrate on conceptual analysis. For example, various papers of Othman Llewellyn on ââ¬ËDesert Reclamation and Islamic Lawââ¬â¢12 and Parvez Manzoorââ¬â¢s ââ¬ËEnvironment and Values: The Islamic Perspectiveââ¬â¢13 provide good indications that a totally contemporary, conceptual as well as pragmatic Islamic theory of the environment can be developed relatively easily and translated into pragmatic policy statements. Similarly, Waqar Ahmad Husainiââ¬â¢s attempt to develop a modern theory of Islamic Environmental Systems Engineering,14 although requiring much elaboration, demonstrates that the conceptual matrix of the worldview of Islam can be fruitfully used for analytical purposes. Science and technology, on the other hand, have not fared so well. In this field, the hold of western epistemology and social models on the minds of Muslim scientists and technologists is almost total. The link between what purports to be a scientific ââ¬Ëfactââ¬â¢ and epistemology is not easy to grasp. The point that ââ¬Ëscientific factsââ¬â¢ are not something we can take for granted or think of as solid rocks upon which knowledge is built is, to a modern scientist working in western paradigms, slightly mind-boggling. The epistemological and methodological point is that facts, like cows, have been domesticated to deal with run-of-the-mill events. Hence, the connection between facts and values is not always obvious; and the notion that knowledge is manufactured and not discovered is not appreciated by many Muslim scientists. Thus, the bulk of the literature of ââ¬ËIslam and scienceââ¬â¢ is pretty naive; and some works like Maurice Bucaillesââ¬â¢s The Bible, the Qurââ¬â¢an and Science15 are highly dangerous (what can be proved by science can also be disproved by the same science; where does that leave the Qurââ¬â¢an? ) The process of reconstruction of the Muslim civilisation amounts to meeting the seven challenges outlined above. Muslim societies have to think about and study their future not in terms of a resurgence, but as a planned and a continuous process of reconstruction of their civilisation. This process involves, not ââ¬ËIslamisingââ¬â¢ this or that discipline, but casting the external expressions of Muslim civilisation in the epistemological mode of Islam and the methodology of the Shariââ¬â¢ah. It involves elaborating the worldview of Islam and using the conceptual matrix that is at the heart of the Qurââ¬â¢an and the Sunnah. The mental outlook of this process is based on synthesis and interdisciplinarity. What is the luzrobinson197737http://www.blogger.com/profile/17044670122145841346noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8664184192367599492.post-12909437453643915982019-11-21T08:10:00.001-08:002019-11-21T08:10:08.450-08:00The Events Industry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 wordsThe Events Industry - Essay Example In this study, a report will be presented in relation to the business/trade event sector. The report will be intended towards the presenting to a new events based company Phoenix Event Planning which is looking forward to diversify into business/trade sector of event industry. Historical Development Event management is one of the fastest growing industries all over the world. It includes hosting of numerous events of distinct stature. It has been noted that arranging for birthday parties and weddings is considered as one of the social issues that needs to be managed by the trained professionals (JuliaSilvers, 2011). It was identified by UK Events Market Trends Survey (UKEMTS) that the revenues generated by the event management companies in the years 2006-2008 had been 7.2 billion. The event industry of the UK presents numerous career opportunities. There are various organisations that tend to deliver the events such as the corporate companies, agencies, publishing companies, venues a nd festivals (Leicester Shire Promotions, 2010). There are large companies who have an in-house event team such as in banks, retail companies and automotives. Most of the organisations conduct numerous events all over the year such as conferences, management meetings, customer focused events and external events such as sports and arts. Venues in the UK are capable of offering themselves as an event venue. Even at the publishing companies, there are live events that are generally conducted all through the year. With the greater scope in the event management sector, most of the companies are entering into the event management industry. One of them has been Phoenix Event Planning that entered into the markets of the UK, Lancashire in the year 2008 and is providing its services all around the UK. It aims at providing tailored services to its clients (FreeIndex, 2011). It has been noted that since the past three years the company has organised numerous parties, weddings and events for di fferent clients (Pheonix Event Planning, n.d.). It can be mentioned that the company is already into social events and cultural events. In planning to diversify into a new sector; the company can enter into business/trade shows. Tradeshows can also be known as exhibitions where the traders are allowed to demonstrate regarding their latest products to the public. Trade shows are conducted at a continuous basis by all the markets and thus tend to attract the members of the public. Exhibition has been into existence since a long period of time and the first trade show took place approximately 2500 years ago (Pyramid Visuals, n.d.). It has been noted that huge amount of money is spent in business or tradeshows/exhibitions by the marketers every year. The tradeshow organisers are providing learning contents, consultative opportunities and demonstration theatres as few of the main characteristics of the events. The companies as well take benefits of the opportunities (Conventions, 2011). Demographic Profiling It has been noted that for executing a major event, it takes almost 150 hours for an event planner as well as the staffs of the planner to execute a major event. There are innumerable numbers of business/trade events that are held in the United Kingdom. Most of the business/trade shows take place twice in a year as well. The different trade shows held are International Fire Expo, the UK national footwear exhibition, the UK national luzrobinson197737http://www.blogger.com/profile/17044670122145841346noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8664184192367599492.post-13790267467410327412019-11-20T11:00:00.001-08:002019-11-20T11:00:06.315-08:00Globalization and State Power Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 wordsGlobalization and State Power - Essay Example The South keeps on widening, it cannot be gainsaid that the political and military repercussions of this schism can significantly change the complexion and direction of inter-capitalist competition that, in turn, urn alter global politics in a manner that could change the nation-state as we now know it to be. In political society, we have governments (parliament the s; the legislature, executive, and judiciary), dominant political parties ("leftist", "centrist" and "rightist"), the police, the military service, penology, welfare service, central banks and national treasuries. The Constitution, of course, since it codifies the ideological will of political society. Many social foundations and educational institutions fall in this sphere. Included, too, are international global associations (World Bank, International Monetary fund, World Trade Organization, ASEAN, NATO, Warsaw Pact), etc. Civil war and war between states fall in this chunk. The capitalist nation-state is an embodiment of political society. The nation-state still clings to the throne as the prime cultural institution in contemporary political society. It is, however, fast losing grip. The end of the Cold War and the powerful wave of Globalization vastly reconfigured the world order. We have seen the end of the old colonial world and the rise of Islamic militancy in the mid-90s. Post-Cold War globalization served to unleash many pent-up social contradictions previously held hostage by the Cold War, like racial and ethnic clashes both within the North and South alike. The most profound changes, however, are in the economic realm. Globalizationââ¬âthe accelerated expansion and heightened contradictions of international capitalism -à is bound to intensify even more within the decade. (Hirst & Thompson, 2000) Vicious international competition among highly industrialized capitalist nation-states animates the world order. Economic globalization was mainly corporate-led. luzrobinson197737http://www.blogger.com/profile/17044670122145841346noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8664184192367599492.post-31975159902676600232019-11-18T04:20:00.001-08:002019-11-18T04:20:03.319-08:00Having someone to represent you means not acting for yourself. How, EssayHaving someone to represent you means not acting for yourself. How, then, does representative democracy facilitate the participation of the people - Essay Example However, various countries have various forms of governments. Many have democratic systems, while others are having kingships. Democracy allows the people of the nation to choose their representative, which they think can fully put forward their views and concern at a first place. A proper election system is established in those countries and people are allowed to cast their vote against shortlisted candidates. The candidates achieving majority of the vote declares victory and has then the authority to have the command over the country ship from then on (Shughart, pp.157-159. 2003). The elected one is assumed the spokesperson and the way-looker for the nation and has to fulfill certain responsibilities. Having a person or a representative group of people working for some larger number of people is required because it helps to maintain the status quo at a first place which otherwise would result in a chaos, and on the other hand it is needed to unite the scattered and diverse group of people under one roof. Moreover, various institutions, apart from residents, also work under the core circle of a nation set of hierarchy. These institutions may include Hospitals, Security Departments, commercial houses, and educational institutions, which also have their demands and requisitions over the governing bodies. Smooth operations within institutions need a structural framework that is followed by both, people working in the organization as well as the people getting advantage from them (for example, clients or customers). Such operations are always headed by a single governing body, which is formed by professionals from integrated departments and working under mutual consent to carry forward all the needed tasks. Similar is the case with a whole country. Taking country as a bigger institution, aimed at giving its people a contributive environment for living also needs a representative body. luzrobinson197737http://www.blogger.com/profile/17044670122145841346noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8664184192367599492.post-36364236720272623852019-11-15T16:51:00.001-08:002019-11-15T16:51:03.488-08:00The Significance Of The Dorado SequenceThe Significance Of The Dorado Sequence In Candide by Voltaire, describes the transformation of the protagonist Candide, throughout the story. The author demonstrates the character development over the story starting with an innocent personality as a child who does not have responsibility to know, into a great man who experienced the life means. Basically Candide endures the human suffering to get his final destiny. During his crossing candide visited many cities which make him have different point of view about life experience such as El Dorado. It was a great place totally different from the rest of cities. In the story the language shows Candides progress towards maturity. When Candide was expulsed from the palace for his love to Ms. Cunegonde, he experimented a cruelty period of life. But it help him to face the philosophical view that all things in life are necessary for some greater good. As said his best friend and philosopher Pangloss. ,He sees that everything does not happen for the best as the philosophers and metaphysician Pangloss had told him in the Barons castle. (Philip Littell)Throughout Candides travels he develops a new philosophy of life, his eyes open to reality. In the story El Dorado have a big role in Candide ideologies about life. People in El Dorado have different ways of thinking and priorities with Europe or visitors. I simply cant understand , said he, the passion you Europeans have for our yellow mud; but take all you want, and much good may it do you.( Candide,408).El Dorado habitants know how the outsiders over appreciate money and gold. Also ,people from there ,know that materialistic things are important and indispensable for the visitors and most of the time the only way to meet happiness for a while they have those valuables were worthless for them. In constrat el Dorado is the notion of emotions such as love and care are freely chosen. People in El Dorado value the species and fellow human rather than having wars against each other for a ridiculous argument and ambition of possessing all the materialistic objects. Moreover, El Dorado is a really simple and humble city, where people do not need extravagant things, they only have the essential things and there are no disagreements between them, poverty is nonexistent. Cacambo its true my friend it again, the castle where I was born does not compare with the land where we now are; but Miss Cunegonde is not here.(Candide, 408).In this quote I could perceive the reason of candide to leave el Dorado, it was Miss Cunengonde. Candide was really in love with her and he wanted to be with her. The love of both was not accept for their different social classes. Candide to get his change goes through many adventures and gradually matures into an experienced and practical man. Finally, he decides to settle down and live by farming his own garden-this symbolizes his surrender to simple self-preservation and candide said that we must cultivate our garden.(Voltaire 30,438) After a long and difficult struggle in which Candide is forced to overcome misfortune to find happiness, he concludes that everything is not as good as it seems the way Dr. Pangloss, his tutor had taught him. Another important point in El Dorado is that people shared their belongings and there is no such a feeling as avarice and envy in this place. Even though the residents of El Dorado do, they do not have an organized religion and do not believe in a religious persecution. None of the inhabitants they all believe the same thing. In order Voltaire remarks that unlike Europe and the rest of the world in El Dorado people are free to follow and express their own faith and not be afraid of future consequences of others disapproval. Furthermore, in El Dorado there are not courts or prisons because everyone acted with a good attitude toward each other. By the way, their system of education is well organized and advanced compare to the rest. Unfortunately, the rest of the world is really different from El Dorado. In this part of the world we can see a lot of violence, corruption and misfortune thats why El Dorado tries to keep away from the rest of the world, because habitants does not want to be infected with this style of life. Everyone wants to been in a community without those problems, because the environment plays a big role in the way we live and, also in the way we interact with the others. Instead of living in an infected world we should be looking for a better lifestyle. We only request of your majesty, Cacambo said, a few sheep loaded with provisions, some pebbles, and some of the mud of country. The king laughed. I simply cant understand, said he, the passion you Europeans have for our yellow mud; but take all you want, and much good may it do you.(candide, 408) In addition, El Dorado dont need of gold and jewels to been happy like the rest world, that the main priority is have more and more money to be happy. A great and important value from the habitants of El Dorado is that always they demonstrate love, respect and confidence to their children and community. One thing important that i learned of the book el dorado is that they always is important show love, respect and confidence to their children and community and the thing materialistic dont need been the most important to them. In contrary, the rest world teach to children that materialistic things are important to reach the happy and I believe that is great problem that present the society today because they dont found confidence, respect and love. Then they use drugs to gain attention from their parents, because their parents dont have communications with them. Many teens use drugs because they are depressed or think drugs will help them escape their problems. El Dorado contrast to t he rest of the world in many different ways one is that rest word is materialistic and the effects that cause a society materialistic are the use drugs, alcohol and crime. It is the same as our addiction to all the materialistic things in the world. In addition, rest world have become extremely addicted to the material world. People El Dorado is different because they are peace-loving people determined to live a life of simplicity, sheltering themselves from the outside world to better focus on the spiritual world. The most important for El Dorado community is that they want to feel better of follow with the values of their community. Candide listened attentively and believed innocently; for he thought Miss Cunegonde extremely beautiful, though he never had the courage to tell her so. He concluded that after the happiness of being born Baron of Thunder-ten-Tronckh, the second degree of happiness was to be Miss Cunegonde, the third that of seeing her every day, and the fourth that of hearing Master Pangloss, the greatest philosopher of the whole province, and consequently of the whole world (candide 1, 378) During his adventures he realize that things not always happen for the best, he understand that it just happen in his innocent mind. El dorado have a great important to one of some changes of Candide was his philosophy really optimistic mind everything is for the best. It was a phrase of his teacher Pangloss He taught that everything was for the best and Candide, having never heard any other philosophies, agrees blindly. In his amazing journey he finds that every event in the world has a reason, and whether there are positive or negative moments you have to live them. luzrobinson197737http://www.blogger.com/profile/17044670122145841346noreply@blogger.com0